Stability analysis and decentralized control of inverter-based ac microgrid

Abstract

This work considers the problem of decentralized control of inverter-based ac micro-grid in different operation modes. The main objectives are to (i) design decentralized frequency and voltage controllers, to gather with power sharing, without information exchange between microsources (ii) design passive dynamic controllers which ensure stability of the entire microgrid system (iii) capture nonlinear, interconnected and large-scale dynamic of the micro-grid system with meshed topology as a port-Hamiltonian formulation (iv) expand the property of shifted-energy function in the context of decentralized control of ac micro-grid (v) analysis of system stability in large signal point of view. More precisely, to deal with nonlinear, interconnected and large-scale structure of micro-grid systems, the port-Hamiltonian formulation is used to capture the dynamic of micro-grid components including microsource, distribution line and load dynamics as well as interconnection controllers. Furthermore, to deal with large signal stability problem of the microgrid system in the grid-connected and islanded conditions, the shifted-Hamiltonian energy function is served as a storage function to ensure incremental passivity and stability of the microgrid system. Moreover, it is shown that the aggregating of the microgrid dynamic and the decentralized controller dynamics satisfies the incremental passivity. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed controllers is evaluated through simulation studies. The different scenarios including grid-connected and islanded modes as well as transition between both modes are simulated. The simulation conforms that the decentralized control dynamics are suited to achieve the desired objective of frequency synchronization, voltage control and power sharing in the grid-connected and islanded modes. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Introduction

In recent years, renewable energy systems have been increasingly employed to mainly reduce the cost of energy prices and solve the environmental issues. A cluster of elements such as loads, distributed generators (DG), distributed storage units and controllable loads, connected through a medium or low voltage interconnecting power grid is defined as a Microgrid system [1, 2]. When the number of elements in each microgrid is increased, the problem of controlling them can be very challenging in a centralized way. Using communication links, especially in large-scale system, might not be economical and practical. Moreover, due to the communication link delay or failure, the reliability of the system may deteriorate. Thus, each microgrid has the responsibility of controlling their own units locally. From the decentralized point of view, the controller of microsource units only needs the local variables [3].

Different decentralized control strategies including droop-based and non-droop-based controllers have been proposed for ac microgrid systems with different operation modes. Early work on decentralized parallel inverter control concepts suitable for microgrid operation was reported in [4]. Subsequent work [5, 6] extended the droop concept to ensure sharing of harmonic currents of non-linear loads. In further investigation of the droop concept, some researchers [7–9] have proposed power-angle droop control, in which the phase angle of the distributed source voltage, relative to a system-wide common timing reference, is set according to a droop law. A static droop compensator is utilized for power sharing in [10]. An enhanced droop control featuring a transient droop performance is proposed [11]. To improve the active and reactive power decoupling performance, improved droop controllers with virtual output impedance are reported [11, 12]. To account for nonlinear loads, harmonic-based droop controllers are investigated [13, 14]. To realize real-time decentralized control strategies a decentralized control strategy extracted from off-line optimization results is designed [15], but this control design requires prior knowledge of the grid structure and extensive computations are needed if the grid structure changes. Furthermore, the methods proposed in [16, 17] allow for the seamless plugging-in, unplugging and replacement of microsource units without spoiling microgrid stability. Control design procedures with these features have been termed plug-and-play [16, 18–21]. However, existing droop controllers are synthesized in the sense of the small-signal model of the power transfer mechanisms. To improve the performance of parallel operation, a stationary-reference-frame droop-controlled model of parallel-connected inverters is introduced and inner voltage and current control loops are proposed [22]. Decoupled droop control techniques are proposed and analyzed in [23] to obtain independent association of frequency with active power and voltage with reactive power. To exploit the flexibility and fast dynamics of the inverter-based distributed energy resources, a piecewise linear voltage-current droop controller is introduced [24]. To improve the reactive power sharing performance of droop control, a virtual impedance optimization method for reactive power sharing in networked microgrid is proposed [25]. To control parallel-connected Inverters, a synchronous reference frame virtual impedance loop is proposed [26]. To soft synchronization of microgrid, an approach using robust control theory is reported in [27]. In [28], a reactive-power sharing scheme for two inverter-based distributed generations with unequal line impedances in islanded microgrids is reported. An adaptative droop control for balancing the state of charge of multiple energy storage systems in decentralized microgrids is studied in [29]. Moreover, numerous control methodologies have been proposed to improve the ac microgrid performance [30–37]. A fully decentralized control and a f P/Q droop control scheme of grid-connected cascaded inverters are reported [30, 31]. A cost-function-based decentralized power quality compensation method realizing simultaneously bus voltage compensation and inverter current sharing is proposed [32]. A dual control strategy for power sharing improvement in islanded mode of AC microgrid is reported [33]. A decentralized optimal servo control system for implementing instantaneous reactive power sharing in microgrids is proposed [34]. In [38], a passivity-based decentralized control strategy for current-controlled inverters in ac microgrids is reported. an adaptive droop control is proposed including a fuzzy-based droop coefficient adjustment in [35]. Decentralized parallel operation of single phase inverters in islanded mode is reported in [36]. In the study by [37], two-stage adaptive virtual resistor (AVR) control scheme for low-voltage parallel inverters is proposed. A decentralized control with unique equilibrium point for cascaded-type microgrid is proposed in [39]. By far the largest body of research work done in decentralized microgrid control has been for radial architectures (see also [3]). Notably, the droop control has several limitations and challenges including: inability to guarantee large signal stability, weak transient performance, weak performance for mixed-line microgrids with resistive–inductive line conditions, and coupled dynamics between active and reactive power.

Early work towards stability analysis of decentralized controlled intverters based on droop-control was reported in [40]. A generalized approach for analyzing the small-signal stability of interconnected inverter systems was proposed. This result was extended in [41] with the inclusion of reactive power-voltage magnitude droops for the interface inverters. In [42], the authors propose a method, based on the operating point, to set droop gains adaptively. A computational approach to determining radial microgrid stability, scalable to large systems, is presented in [43]. Moreover, numerous methodologies have been proposed to enhance the microgrid stability performance via modifying the inverter control loops [44–48]. These techniques and methods include a combination of repetitive and deadbeat control with feedforward compensation for disturbance rejection [46], secondary control based on potential-function [47], real-time small signal stability analysis for droop gain schedule [45] and droop gain variation for increasing virtual inertia [48]. The various analytical stability tools for microgrid controllers design are reported in [49–56]. The small signal models of the inverter based microgrid is established in [50, 51, 56]. The active load impacts on system small-signal stability are analyzed in [52], it shows the active loads with a large dc voltage controller gain may lead to instability. A combination of small-signal and time-domain simulation for a comprehensive stability analysis are used in [49, 53, 57–59]. Another impedance-based stability criterion for grid-connected inverters is reported in [55]. The frequency regulation of microgrid by utilizing the kinetic energy from the induction motor loads is studied in [60]. An adaptive droop adjustment based on the microgrid small signal model is introduced in [42]. The authors in [61] use the on-line grid parameter estimation combined with small signal stability analysis to detect the islanding and adjust the inverters droop control parameters. The droop scheduling scheme based on bifurcation theory is presented in [62] to find the worst primary reserve share that is closest to instability. A mode-adaptive droop control method is proposed in [63]. Sufficient conditions for voltage stability in a droop-controlled lossy microgrid is reported in [64]. Furthermore, sufficient conditions for stability of lossless microgrids based on energy function are established in [65]. Two nonlinear droop controls are proposed in [66, 67] to enhance microgrid frequency regulation. Nonetheless, it may either require multiple small signal stability analyzes to determine the acceptable droop gains [66] or lead to instability due to a high droop gain when the frequency is close to the nominal value [67, 68]. Moreover, the complete reviews and classifications of stability in microgrids are presented [69–71].

In addition to the droop-based control strategies, non-droop-based approaches for voltage and frequency control of the islanded microgrids have also been developed, e.g. [72–77, 77–80]. A robust servomechanism controller for a single-DG/ Multi-DG islanded system, which uses the internal oscillator to control the frequency in an open-loop manner, has been proposed in [73, 74, 78, 79]. In addition, the following methods have been proposed for single-DER microgrids: a voltage controller, designed using an H_∞ approach and repetitive control technique, to mitigate voltage harmonics of the point of common coupling (PCC) [81] and a robust control scheme for a microgrid designed based on an H_∞ approach to provide a robust performance [82]; and a robust servomechanism approach for PCC voltage control [73]. However, these methods are only applicable to single-DER microgrids. In the study by [83], a decentralized servomechanism controller based on robust approach for the islanded operation of radial connection of two distributed generation (DG) units is proposed. In [84] state feedback is combined with a decentralized LMI strategy to ensure stabilization and frequency regulation, while [85] studies the performance of decentralized frequency-control algorithm based on integral action. To improve current-sharing, a robust controller for parallel-connected inverter-based DGs in lossy microgrid networks is reported in [86]. Although extensive research has been carried out on the development of non-droop-based control of microgrids, they suffer from one or more of the following drawbacks: in applicability to multiple-microsources, inability to guarantee stability and/or performance with respect to several microsources, and high-order controller structures.

To overcome the disadvantages of the existing microgrid control approaches, various challenges associated with large signal stability, seamless transition between different operation modes and low-complexity of the local controllers must be addressed.

In this study, to deal with nonlinear, interconnected and large-scale structures of microgrid systems, the port-Hamiltonian formulation is used to capture the dynamic of microgrid components and interconnection controllers. In addition, the decentralized controllers are also formulated as port-Hamiltonian systems that are connected to the microsources with interaction ports. This framework describes the dynamics in terms of the system stored energy, interconnection and dissipation structures [87–89]. Furthermore, we focus on a more accurate and higher order model for the inverter-based microsources than conventionally used in the literature [65, 80, 90].

In this work, to deal with large signal stability problem of microgrid system, the shifted-Hamiltonian energy function is served as a storage function to ensure incremental-passivity of system. Notably, the large signal stability analysis is necessary to guarantee seamless transition between islanded/grid-connected modes and the convergence of equilibrium states of nonlinear microgrid dynamic. Although historically energy functions have played a crucial role to cope with accurate models of power systems (see also [80, 90–97]), our approach based on the incremental passivity allows us to cover an accurate dynamic of microgrids and paves the way for the design of decentralized controllers.

In the reported research works, the microgrids have been almost studied in small-signal point of view while no solution has been proposed regarding the controller to face with large-signal stability. In this paper, authors aim to model the microgrid components and propose new decentralized passivity-based control strategy for an microgrid consisting microsource units and local loads based on port-Hamiltonian framework, shifted-energy function, and incremental passivity to ensure stability of the entire system and enhance its performance for transition between grid-connected to islanded modes and guarantee the desired frequency synchronization, voltage tracking as well as power sharing. This paper presents theoretical concepts, requirements, and necessary conditions for stability and performance of microgrid with meshed topology. Finally, in addition to stability and performance analysis, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is evaluated by set of simulation studies.

More precisely, the main contributions of the paper are six-fold:

• Design decentralized frequency and voltage controllers, to gather with power sharing, without information exchange between microsources and their local controllers,

• Design passive dynamic controllers which ensure stability of the entire microgrid system,

• Capture nonlinear, interconnected and large-scale dynamic of the micro-grid system with meshed topology as a port-Hamiltonian formulation,

• Expand the property of shifted-energy function in the context of decentralized control of micro-grid,

• Serve the shifted-Hamiltonian energy function as a storage function to ensure incremental passivity,

• Analysis of system stability in large signal point of view.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the port-Hamiltonian formulation and shifted-Hamiltonian energy function as well as incremental passivity are defined as a background of this study. The microgrid topology and structure are presented in Section 3. In Section 4, the microgrid component dynamics are also formulated. In addition, the microgrid units (e.g. microsource, load and distribution line) are modeled based on port Hamiltonian formulation. The open-loop analysis of overall microgrid is established in Section 5. In Sections 6 and 7, the different passive controllers for frequency and voltage control are also proposed and analyzed in different operation modes. Furthermore, to deal with large signal stability problem, the shifted-Hamiltonian energy function is served as a storage function to ensure incremental passivity of entire system. Finally, the paper is closed with simulation results in Section 8 and conclusions remarks as well as discussion of future work in Section 9.

Background: port-Hamiltonian and incremental passivity formulation

As mentioned, to deal with nonlinear, interconnected and large-scale structures of microgrid systems, the port-Hamiltonian formulation is used to capture the dynamic of microgrid components and interconnection controllers. In addition, the decentralized controllers are also formulated as port-Hamiltonian systems that are connected to the microsources with interaction ports. This framework describes the dynamics in terms of the system stored energy, interconnection and dissipation structures [87–89]. Moreover, the port-Hamiltonain formulation is described as follows:

Definition 1

A port-Hamiltonian system (in input-state-output form) is given by:

$$ \begin{aligned} &\dot{x}=(\mathcal{J}(x)-\mathcal{R}(x)){\nabla}\mathcal{H}(x)+g(x)u,\\ &y=g^{\top}(x){\nabla}\mathcal{H}(x). \end{aligned} $$

(1)

With state $x\in {{\mathbb {R}}^{n}}$, input $u\in {{\mathbb {R}}^{m}}$ and output $y\in {{\mathbb {R}}^{m}}$ [87, 88]. In addition, ${\mathcal {J}}^{\top }(x)=-{\mathcal {J}}(x)$ is interconnection matrix, ${\mathcal {R}}^{\top }(x)={\mathcal {R}}(x)\ge 0$ is dissipation matrix, and ${\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}(x)$ is also the vector of partial derivatives of the Hamiltonian energy function ${\mathcal {H}}(x)$ with respect to the state x.

It is shown that both the microgrid and the controller dynamics admit a port-Hamiltonian representation which are then interconnected to obtain a closed-loop port-Hamiltonian system. This allows to easily identify the Hamiltonian energy function and give conditions for stability of the equilibrium state.

In addition, to deal with large signal stability problem of microgrid system, the shifted-Hamiltonian energy function is served as a storage function to ensure incremental-passivity of system (see [88]). Notably, the incremental-passivity of the shifted port-Hamiltonian system is defined as follows:

Definition 2

Consider the port-Hamiltonian system (1). Let $\bar {y}=g^{\top }(\bar {x}){\left ({\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}\left (\bar {x}\right)\right)}$, by defining shifted-Hamiltonian energy function (see [88]) to transfer the state variable x to the desired equilibrium $\bar {x}$ as follows:

$$ {\bar{{\mathcal{H}}}}(x):= {\mathcal{H}}(x)-{\left({\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}\left(\bar{x}\right)\right)}^{\top}\left(x-\bar{x}\right)-{\mathcal{H}}\left(\bar{x}\right). $$

(2)

Then, the port-Hamiltonian system (1) is incremental passive if the mapping $(u-\bar {u})\to (y-\bar {y})$ is passive (see also [88, 98, 99]), i.e., there exists a function ${\bar {\mathcal {H}}}(x)$such that:

$${\dot{\bar{{\mathcal{H}}}}}(x)={\left({\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}(x)-{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}\left(\bar{x}\right)\right)} ^{\top}\dot{x}\le{(u-\bar{u})(y-\bar{y})}. $$

Where $\bar {x}$ is the desired equilibrium with corresponding control $\bar {u}$.

Microgrid structure and topology

The microgrid is an emerging concept for an efficient integration of renewable microsource units (see [1, 3, 100–103] and references herein). An inverter-based ac microgrid consists of microsources (e.g. wind turbine and solar panel equipped with inverters), distribution lines and loads that are connected to main-grid via static switch (common coupling point).

Definition 3

The inverter-based ac microgrid is composed to several units, i.e. microgrid units, including microsource, distribution line and load units (see [3, 90, 100] and references herein). The microsource unit is referred to unit injecting an amount of power into the microgrid and load unit is also correspond to unit absorbing an amount power from the micro-grid. In addition, distribution unit is referred to unit transferring power within micro-grid. Moreover, the main-grid unit is also corresponded to common coupling port injecting (absorbing) an amount of power into (from) the microgrid (main-grid).

Remark 1

A microgrid topology can be viewed as an unweighted directed graph $\mathcal {G}$ where microgrid units (e.g. main grid, microsource, distribution and load units) correspond to edges and buses correspond to nodes (Fig. 1). Based on the microgrid structure we call a bus: a main-grid bus when a main-grid unit is connected to it; a microsource bus when a microsource unit is connected to it; a distribution bus when a distribution unit is connected to it; a load bus when a load unit is connected to it. All buses associate a potential bus and we call a bus a reference bus when all the potential of the buses in the power system are measured with respect to it. The reference bus is assumed to be at ground potential (also see [90, 92, 93] and references herein).

Fig. 1

An inverter-based microgrid topology (MG: main-grid, MS: microsource, L: load)

The inverter-based microgrid model used in this work consists of g=1 main-grid bus (in grid-connected mode), s microsource buses, ℓ load buses and also one reference bus. Therefore, the total number of buses (nodes or vertices) of the $\mathcal {G}$ microgrid (graph) is $\mathcal {N}=n+1$, with n=g+s+ℓ. Without loss of generality, it is assumed that the set of nodes (vertices) $\mathcal {N}$ can be partitioned into four ordered subsets called ${\mathcal {N}}_{G}, {\mathcal {N}}_{S}, {\mathcal {N}}_{L}$ and ${\mathcal {N}}_{0}$ and these subsets are associated to main-grid, microsource, loads nodes and the reference node respectively. We call $\mathcal {V}\in {\mathbb {R}}^{\mathcal {N}}$ the vector of node potentials. The microgrid graph consists of main-grid, microsource, load and distribution line edges. In other word, there are main-grid edge associated to a main grid unit, microsource edge associated to a microsource unit and also a load edge associated to a load unit and these edges define between main grid node, every microsource node and also every load node and the reference node respectively. Furthermore, distribution edges associated to distribution units that connect main-grid, microsource and load buses Therefore, there are in total g=1 main-grid edge (grid-connected mode), s microsource, ℓ load and d distribution edges. Hence, there are in total e=g+s+ℓ+d edges in micro-grid. Without loss of generality, it is assumed that the set of edges $\mathcal {E}$ can be partitioned into four ordered subsets called ${\mathcal {E}}_{G}, {\mathcal {E}}_{S}, {\mathcal {E}}_{L}$ and ${\mathcal {E}}_{D}$ associated to main-grid (grid-connected mode), microsource, load and distribution edges respectively. We call $(V_{e},I_{e})\in {\mathbb {R}}^{e\times e}$ the vectors pair associated to edge voltages and currents respectively. In addition, it is assumed that all microgrid units share a port of the same dimension p=p_dq=2 in dq-form.

Inverter-based ac microgrid: port-Hamiltonian formulation

Main-grid Dynamic

As mentioned in previous section, a main grid unit (grid connected mode) is called a unit injecting (absorbing) an amount of power into (from) the network via common coupling port. In order to describe the dynamic of the main-grid edge ${\mathcal {E}}_{G}$, the following model is considered:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{\theta}}_{G}&={\omega}_{G},\\[-4pt] E_{G}&=V_{G},\\[-4pt] P_{G}&=v^{\top}_{G}i_{G},\ \ Q_{G}=v^{\top}_{G} \left[\begin{array}{cc} 0 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array}\right] i_{G}. \end{aligned} $$

(3)

Where θ_G and ω_G are phase angle and phase frequency of the main-grid. In addition, v_G and i_G are voltage and current of main-grid. In addition, P_G and Q_G are also active and reactive power injected (absorbed) by main grid. It is assumed that in grid-connected mode the frequency and voltage of microgrid are stabilized by main grid. Furthermore, it is also assumed that microgrid can absorb (inject) infinite amount of power from (to) main-grid. Hence, we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} 0=&-d_{G}({\omega}_{G}-\bar{\omega})+(P_{G}-P_{e}),\\ 0=&-a_{G}(v_{G}-\bar{V})+(Q_{G}-Q_{e}). \end{aligned} $$

(4)

Where $\bar {V}$ and $\bar {\omega }$ are desired voltage and phase frequency of micro-grid. In addition, P_e and Q_e are active and reactive power of microgrid and d_G and a_G are constant coefficients. Furthermore, we have ${\omega }_{G}=\bar {\omega }$ and $v_{G}=\bar {V}$.

In grid-connected mode, the main grid stabilizes voltage and frequency. In addition, the voltage of main-grid can be considered as follows:

$$ v_{G}=E_{G} \left[\begin{array}{c} sin({\omega}_{G}t) \\ sin\left({\omega}_{G}t+\frac{2\pi}{3}\right) \\ sin\left({\omega}_{G}t-\frac{2\pi}{3}\right) \end{array}\right] $$

(5)

In dq form, the voltage of main-grid can also be represented as follows:

$$ v_{G_{dq}}=\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}E_{G} \left[\begin{array}{c} sin({\omega}_{G}t) \\ cos({\omega}_{G}t) \end{array}\right]={\bar{v}}_{G_{dq}} $$

(6)

Where main-grid connects to microgrid through a port of dimension p=p_dq=2 in dq-form.

Microsource dynamics

As mentioned in Section 3, the microsource unit is called a unit injecting an amount of power to the network. In this section, the dynamic of microsource unit is represented in port-Hamiltonian form. In order to describe this dynamic, a microsource equipped with three-phase inverter is considered (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2

The microsource equipped with three-phase inverter

Let s₁,⋯,s₆ denote the states of the switches S₁,⋯,S₆ in Fig. 2, where s=0 when the switch is open and s=1 when the switch is closed. The network switches topology reveals that:

$$ \begin{aligned} v_{ao}&=v_{dc}s_{1},\ v_{ao}=v_{ao}(1-s_{4}),\\ v_{bo}&=v_{dc}s_{2},\ v_{bo}=v_{bo}(1-s_{5}),\\ v_{co}&=v_{dc}s_{3},\ v_{co}=v_{co}(1-s_{6}). \end{aligned} $$

(7)

Considering the constraints imposed by the circuit, i.e., short-cutting the voltage source is not allowed, leads to the observation that the bottom and top switch can never be closed at the same time. Furthermore, for continuity considerations in each phase leg, we have:

$$s_{1}+s_{4}=1,\ s_{2}+s_{5}=1,\ s_{3}+s_{6}=1. $$

The above equations imply that Eq. (7) can be rewritten into a simplified form. Introducing the new variables s_a=s₁=s₄,s_b=s₂=s₅ and s_c=s₃=s₆ yields the simplified equations:

$$ v_{ao}=v_{dc}s_{a},\ v_{bo}=v_{dc}s_{b},\ v_{co}=v_{dc}s_{c}. $$

(8)

Definition 4

The Hamiltonian energy function of the microsource, which denotes the total energy, is given by:

$$ {\mathcal{H}}(\phi,q,q_{dc})=\sum_{j=a,b,c}{\left(\frac{1}{2}\frac{{\phi}^{2}_{j}}{L}+\frac{1}{2}\frac{q^{2}_{j}}{C}\right)}+\frac{1}{2}\frac{q^{2}_{dc}}{C_{dc}} $$

(9)

Where ϕis the flux linkage across the inductors, q and q_dc the charge in the capacitors. In addition, L and C denote the inductance and capacitance of the microgrid ac-side. In addition C_dc denote the capacitance of microsource dc-side.

Therefore, the microsource can be represented in port-Hamiltonian form as follows:

$$ \begin{aligned} \left[\begin{array}{c} \dot{\phi} \\ \dot{q} \\ {\dot{q}}_{dc} \end{array}\right] &=\left(\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{3} & {\mathbb{0}}_{3} & \widehat{\boldsymbol{s}} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{3} & {\mathbb{0}}_{3} & {0}_{31} \\ -{\boldsymbol{s}}^{\top} & {0}_{13} & 0 \end{array}\right] +\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{3} & {-\mathbb{I}}_{3} & {0}_{31} \\ {\mathbb{I}}_{3} & {\mathbb{0}}_{3} & {0}_{31} \\ {0}_{13} & {0}_{13} & 0 \end{array}\right] \right. \\ &-\left.\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {R\mathbb{I}}_{3} & {\mathbb{0}}_{3} & {0}_{31} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{3} & {\mathbb{0}}_{3} & {0}_{31} \\ {0}_{13} & {0}_{13} & G_{dc} \end{array}\right] \right) \left[\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}}{\partial \phi} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}}{\partial q} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}}{\partial q_{dc}} \end{array}\right] -\left[\begin{array}{c} {\mathbb{0}}_{3} \\ {\mathbb{I}}_{3} \\ {0}_{13} \end{array}\right] i_{S_{abc}} \\&\quad+\left[\begin{array}{c} {0}_{31} \\ {0}_{31} \\ 1 \end{array}\right] i_{S_{0}}, \\ v_{o,abc} &=\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{3} & {\mathbb{I}}_{3} & {0}_{31} \end{array}\right] {\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}(\phi, q, q_{dc}).\\ y_{A}&=\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\bar{v}}_{dc}{\mathbb{I}}_{3} & {\mathbb{0}}_{3} & -\bar{i} \end{array}\right] {\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}(\phi, q, q_{dc}).\\ \end{aligned} $$

(10)

Where $\widehat {\boldsymbol {s}}={\left ({\widehat {s}}_{a},{\widehat {s}}_{b},{\widehat {s}}_{c}\right)}^{\top }=\boldsymbol {\Upsilon }\boldsymbol {s}$, $\boldsymbol {\Upsilon }=\frac {1}{3}\left [\begin {array}{ccc} 2 & -1 & -1 \\ -1 & 2 & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & 2 \end {array}\right ]$and s=(s_a,s_b,s_c). In addition, G_dc is the conductance of microsource dc-side and x=(ϕ,q,q_dc)^⊤ is state vector of microsource unit. Furthermore, the y_A and $\bar {x}$ are auxiliary output and desired states respectively.

The microsource modeling can be transformed to dq form as follows:

$$ {\begin{aligned} \left[\begin{array}{c} {\dot{\phi }}_{dq} \\ {\dot{q}}_{dq} \\ {\dot{q}}_{dc} \end{array}\right] &=\left(\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & u_{dq} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ -u^{\top }_{dq} & 0_{12} & 0 \end{array}\right] +\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\bar{\omega} L\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & {-\mathbb{I}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\bar{\omega} C\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{12} & 0_{12} & 0 \end{array}\right] \right. \\ &\quad-\left.\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {R\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{12} & 0_{12} & G_{dc} \end{array}\right]\right) \left[\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}}{\partial {\phi}_{dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}}{\partial q_{dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}}{\partial q_{dc}} \end{array}\right] -\left[\begin{array}{c} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ {\mathbb{I}}_{2} \\ 0_{12} \end{array}\right] i_{S_{dq}} +\left[\begin{array}{c} 0_{21} \\ 0_{21} \\ 1 \end{array}\right] i_{S_{0}}, \\ v_{o_{dq}} &=\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{I}}_{2} & 0_{21} \end{array}\right] {\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}({\phi}_{dq},q_{dq},q_{dc}), \\ y_{A}&=\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\bar{v}}_{dc}{\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & -{\bar{i}}_{dq} \end{array}\right] {\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}({\phi}_{dq},q_{dq},q_{dc}). \end{aligned}} $$

(11)

where $\boldsymbol {\mathrm {J}}= \left [\begin {array}{cc} 0 & 1 \\ -1 & 0 \end {array}\right ]$ and also ΥT_0dq=T_0dq.

Therefore, the microsource dynamic for $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{S}$ can be described as follows:

$$ {\begin{aligned} \left[\begin{array}{c} {\dot{\phi }}_{{dq}_{i}} \\ {\dot{q}}_{{dq}_{i}} \\ {\dot{q}}_{{dc}_{i}} \end{array}\right] &=\left(\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & u_{{dq}_{i}} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ -u^{\top }_{{dq}_{i}} & 0_{12} & 0 \end{array}\right] +\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\bar{\omega} L_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & {-\mathbb{I}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\bar{\omega} C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{12} & 0_{12} & 0 \end{array}\right] \right. \\ &-\left.\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {R_{i}\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{12} & 0_{12} & G_{{dc}_{i}} \end{array}\right] \right) \left[\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{i}}{\partial {\phi }_{{dq}_{i}}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{i}}{\partial q_{{dq}_{i}}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{i}}{\partial q_{{dc}_{i}}} \end{array}\right] -\left[\begin{array}{c} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ {\mathbb{I}}_{2} \\ 0_{12} \end{array}\right] i_{{S_{dq}}_{i}} +\left[\begin{array}{c} 0_{21} \\ 0_{21} \\ 1 \end{array}\right] i_{{S_{0}}_{i}}, \\ v_{{o_{dq}}_{i}} &=\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{I}}_{2} & 0_{21} \end{array}\right] {\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{i}\right), \\ y_{A_{i}}&=\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\bar{v}}_{{dc}_{i}}{\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & -{\bar{i}}_{dq} \end{array}\right] {\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{i}\right) \end{aligned}} $$

(12)

Where we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} \left[\begin{array}{c} {\dot{\phi }}_{{dq}_{i}} \\ {\dot{q}}_{{dq}_{i}} \\ {\dot{q}}_{{dc}_{i}} \end{array}\right] \in {\mathbb{R}}^{n_{i}},\ \ u_{{dq}_{i}}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{m_{i}}, \\ v_{{o_{dq}}_{i}} \in {\mathbb{R}}^{p_{i}}, \ \ i_{{S_{dq}}_{i}} \in {\mathbb{R}}^{p_{i}}, \ \ i_{{S_{0}}_{i}}\in \mathbb{R}. \end{aligned} $$

(13)

In addition, n_i=5,m_i=2 and p_i=2. The port-Hamiltonian energy function is also defined as ${\mathcal {H}}_{i}:{\mathbb {R}}^{n_{i}}\to \mathbb {R}$.

The aggregated model of the microsource dynamics can be obtained by collecting the port-Hamiltonian forms given by Eq. (12) for $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{S}$. Let the numbers:

$$ n_{S}:=\sum^{s}_{i=1}{n_{i}},\ m_{S}:=\sum^{s}_{i=1}{m_{i}},\ p_{S}:=\sum^{s}_{i=1}{p_{i}},\ {p}_{S_{0}}:=s. $$

(14)

the aggregated vectors:

$$ {}\begin{aligned} &{\boldsymbol{v}}_{S,dq}=col(v_{{S_{dq}}_{i}}),\ \ {\boldsymbol{i}}_{S,dq}=col(i_{{S_{dq}}_{i}})\\ &{\boldsymbol{u}}_{S,dq}=col(u_{{dq}_{i}}),\ \ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{S,dq}=col(v_{{o_{dq}}_{i}})\\ &{\boldsymbol{v}}_{S_{0}}=col(v_{{S_{0}}_{i}}),\ \ {\boldsymbol{i}}_{S_{0}}=col(i_{{S_{0}}_{i}})\\ &\left[\begin{array}{c} {\boldsymbol{\phi }}_{S,dq} \\ {\boldsymbol{q}}_{S,dq} \\ {\boldsymbol{q}}_{{dc},S} \end{array}\right] =col\left[\begin{array}{c} {\phi }_{{dq}_{i}} \\ q_{{dq}_{i}} \\ q_{{dc}_{i}} \end{array}\right],\ \ \left[\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{S}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{\phi }}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{S}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{q}}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{S}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{q}}_{{dc},S}} \end{array}\right] =col\left[\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{i}}{\partial {\phi }_{{dq}_{i}}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{i}}{\partial q_{{dq}_{i}}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{i}}{\partial q_{{dc}_{i}}} \end{array}\right] \end{aligned} $$

(15)

the interconnection and dissipation matrices:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\mathcal{J}}_{S_{u}}:=bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & u_{{dq}_{i}} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ -u^{\top}_{{dq}_{i}} & 0_{12} & 0 \end{array}\right]\right\}, \\ {\mathcal{J}}_{S_{c}}:=bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\bar{\omega} L_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & {-\mathbb{I}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\bar{\omega} C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{12} & 0_{12} & 0 \end{array}\right]\right\}, \\ {\mathcal{R}}_{S}:=bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {R_{i}\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{12} & 0_{12} & G_{{dc}_{i}} \end{array}\right]\right\}. \end{aligned} $$

(16)

interaction port and microsource port matrices:

$$ \begin{aligned} F_{S}:=&bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{c} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ {-\mathbb{I}}_{2} \\ 0_{12} \end{array}\right] \right\}, \ \ F_{S_{0}}:=bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{c} 0_{21} \\ 0_{21} \\ 1 \end{array}\right]\right\} \\ A_{S}:=&bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{c} {\bar{v}}_{{dc}_{i}}{\mathbb{I}}_{2} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ -{\bar{i}}^{\top}_{{dq}_{i}} \end{array}\right]\right\} \end{aligned} $$

(17)

and the total Hamiltonian function ${\mathcal {H}}_{S}:{\mathbb {R}}^{n_{s}}\to \mathbb {R}$ is defined as follows:

$$ {\mathcal{H}}_{S}:=\sum^{s}_{i=1}{{\mathcal{H}}_{i}} $$

(18)

The aggregated model of the microsource dynamics can be written as:

$$ {{} \begin{aligned} \left[\begin{array}{c} {\dot{\boldsymbol{\phi }}}_{S,dq} \\ {\dot{\boldsymbol{q}}}_{S,dq} \\ {\dot{\boldsymbol{q}}}_{{dc},S} \end{array}\right]\!&=\!({\mathcal{J}}_{S_{u}}\,+\,{\mathcal{J}}_{S_{c}}\,-\,{\mathcal{R}}_{S}) \left[\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{S}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{\phi }}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{S}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{q}}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{S}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{q}}_{{dc},S}} \end{array}\right] +{F_{S}}{\boldsymbol{i}}_{S,dq}+{F_{S_{0}}}{\boldsymbol{i}}_{S_{0}}, \\ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{S,dq}&=F^{\top }_{S}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{S}\right), \\ y_{S_{A}}&=A^{\top }_{S}\left({\bar{x}}_{S}\right){\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{S}\right). \end{aligned}} $$

(19)

Remark 2

The following general port-Hamiltonian form is considered for microsource dynamics:

$$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {\dot{x}}_{S}=\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{S_{u}}+{\mathcal{J}}_{S_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{S}\right]\mathrm{\nabla }{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{S}\right)+{F_{S}}w_{S}+{F_{S_{0}}}w_{S_{0}}, \\ y_{S_{A}}=A^{\top }_{S}\left({\bar{x}}_{S}\right){\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{S}\right), \\ y_{S}=F^{\top }_{S}\mathrm{\nabla }{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{S}\right), \\ y_{S_{0}}=F^{\top }_{S_{0}}\mathrm{\nabla }{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{S}\right). \end{array} \right. $$

(20)

Where x_S=(ϕ_S,dq,q_S,dq,q_dc,S) is state vector of microsource units; ${{\mathcal {H}}_{S}}(x_{S})$is Hamiltonian energy function; ${\mathcal {J}}_{S_{u}}$ and ${\mathcal {J}}_{S_{c}}$ are interconnection matrices and ${\mathcal {R_{S}}}$ is dissipation matrices; (w_S,y_S)=(i_S,dq,v_S,dq) is conjugated interaction port variables; $\left (w_{S_{0}},y_{S_{0}}\right)=\left ({\boldsymbol {i}}_{S_{0}},{\boldsymbol {v}}_{dc,S}\right)$ is also conjugated microsource port variables. Other matrices can be defined as follows, F_S interaction port matrix and $F_{S_{0}}$ microsource port matrix. Furthermore, the $y_{S_{A}}$ is auxiliary passive outputs.

Distribution line dynamics

A distribution line unit is called a unit that transfer power in the microgrid and also absorb or inject a little amount of power compared to microsource and load units. It is assumed that all distribution line units are describing by mixed lines (i.e. R−L series). A circuit representation of series line is illustrated in Fig. 3. The model consists of an R−L unit (resistive-inductive line). Therefore, The model of the distribution line unit is simply given by the following port-Hamiltonian formulation:

$$ \begin{aligned} \dot{\phi }&=-\left[R\otimes {{\mathbb{I}}_{3}}\right]\mathrm{\nabla }{\mathcal{H}}(\phi)+v, \\ i&=\mathrm{\nabla }{\mathcal{H}}(\phi). \end{aligned} $$

(21)

Fig. 3

R−L model of a distribution unit

Where ϕ is the magnetic flux in the inductor.

Definition 5

The Hamiltonian energy function of the distribution line, ${\mathcal {H}}(\phi):{\mathbb {R}}^{3}\to \mathbb {R}$, is described as follows:

$$ {\mathcal{H}}(\phi):= \frac{1}{2}{\phi }^{\top }{\left(L\otimes {{\mathbb{I}}_{3}}\right)}^{-1}\phi. $$

(22)

In order to describe the port-Hamiltonian model in dq form, we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{\phi }}_{dq}&=\left[{{\bar{\omega}} L\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}}-R{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right]\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}\left({\phi}_{dq}\right)}{\partial {\phi}_{dq}}+v_{dq}, \\ i_{dq}&=\frac{\partial{\mathcal{H}}\left({\phi}_{dq}\right)}{\partial {\phi}_{dq}}. \end{aligned} $$

(23)

Where $\boldsymbol {\mathrm {J}}= \left [\begin {array}{cc} 0 & 1 \\ -1 & 0 \end {array}\right ]$. In addition, ${\mathcal {H}}\left ({\phi }_{dq}\right):{\mathbb {R}}^{2}\to \mathbb {R}$ is Hamiltonian energy function and described as follows:

$$ {\mathcal{H}}\left({\phi }_{dq}\right):= \frac{1}{2}{\phi}^{\top}_{dq}{\left(L\otimes {{\mathbb{I}}_{2}}\right)}^{-1}{\phi}_{dq}. $$

(24)

Therefore, the distribution line dynamic for $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{D}$ can be described as follows:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{\phi }}_{{dq}_{i}}&=\left[{{\bar{\omega}} L_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}}-R_{i}{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right]\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}\left({\phi}_{{dq}_{i}}\right)}{\partial {\phi }_{{dq}_{i}}}+v_{{dq}_{i}}, \\ i_{{dq}_{i}}&=\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}\left({\phi}_{{dq}_{i}}\right)}{\partial {\phi }_{{dq}_{i}}}. \end{aligned} $$

(25)

Where we have:

$$ {\phi }_{{dq}_{i}}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{n_{i}},\ \ \ v_{{dq}_{i}}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{p_{i}},\ \ \ i_{{dq}_{i}}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{p_{i}}. $$

(26)

Where n_i=2 and p_i=2. In addition, port-Hamiltonian energy function defines as ${\mathcal {H}}_{i}\left ({\phi }_{{dq}_{i}}\right):{\mathbb {R}}^{n_{i}}\to \mathbb {R}$.

The aggregated model of the distribution line dynamics can be obtained by collecting the port-Hamiltonian forms given by Eq. (25) for $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{D}$. Let the numbers:

$$ n_{D}:=\sum^{d}_{i=1}{n_{i}},\ \ \,\ \ \ p_{D}:=\sum^{d}_{i=1}{p_{i}}. $$

(27)

the aggregated vectors:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\boldsymbol{i}}_{D,dq}&=col\left(i_{{dq}_{i}}\right), \ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{D,dq}=col\left(v_{{dq}_{i}}\right), \\ {\boldsymbol{\phi }}_{D,dq}&=col\left({\phi }_{{dq}_{i}}\right), \ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{D}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{\phi }}_{D,dq}}=col\left(\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{i}}{\partial {\phi}_{{dq}_{i}}}\right). \end{aligned} $$

(28)

the interconnection and dissipation matrix:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\mathcal{J}}_{D_{c}}&:=bdg\left\{{{\bar{\omega}} L_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}}\right\}, \\ {\mathcal{R}}_{D}&:=bdg\left\{{R_{i}\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right\}. \end{aligned} $$

(29)

interaction port matrices:

$$ F_{D}:=bdg\left\{{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right\} $$

(30)

and the total Hamiltonian energy function ${\mathcal {H}}_{D}:{\mathbb {R}}^{n_{D}}\to \mathbb {R}$:

$$ {\mathcal{H}}_{D}:=\sum^{d}_{i=1}{{\mathcal{H}}\left({\phi }_{{dq}_{i}}\right)} $$

(31)

The aggregated model of the distribution line edges can be written as:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{\boldsymbol{\phi}}}_{D,dq}&=\left({\mathcal{J}}_{D_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{D}\right)\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{D}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{\phi}}_{D,dq}}+{F_{D}}{\boldsymbol{v}}_{D,dq}, \\ {\boldsymbol{i}}_{D,dq}&={F^{\top}_{D}}\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{D}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{\phi}}_{D,dq}}. \end{aligned} $$

(32)

Remark 3

The general port-Hamiltonian formulation of the distribution line dynamics is given by:

$$ \left\{ \begin{array}{c} {\dot{x}}_{D}=\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{D_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{D}\right]{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{D}\left(x_{D}\right)+{F_{D}}w_{D}, \\ y_{D}=F^{\top}_{D}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{D}\left(x_{D}\right)\ \end{array} \right. $$

(33)

Load dynamics

A load unit is called a power unit that absorbs an amount of power from the micro-grid. Without loss of generality, it is assumed that all load units are describing by R−C parallels. A circuit representation of load unit (resistance-capacitance parts)is illustrated in Fig. 4. The model of the load unit is simply given by the following port-Hamiltonian system:

$$ \begin{aligned} \dot{q}&=-\left[R\otimes {\mathbb{I}}_{3}\right]{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}(q)+i, \\ v&={\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}(q). \end{aligned} $$

(34)

Fig. 4

R−C model of a load unit

Where q is the charge in the capacitor.

Definition 6

The Hamiltonian energy function of load unit, ${\mathcal {H}}(q):{\mathbb {R}}^{3}\to \mathbb {R}$, is described as follows:

$$ {\mathcal{H}}(q):= \frac{1}{2}q^{\top}{\left(C\otimes {\mathbb{I}}_{3}\right)}^{-1}q $$

(35)

In order to describe the port-Hamiltonian model in dq form, we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{q}}_{dq}&=\left[{{\bar{\omega}} C\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}}-R{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right]\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}\left(q_{dq}\right)}{\partial q_{dq}}+i_{dq}, \\ v_{dq}&=\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}\left(q_{dq}\right)}{\partial q_{dq}}. \end{aligned} $$

(36)

Where $\boldsymbol {\mathrm {J}}= \left [\begin {array}{cc} 0 & 1 \\ -1 & 0 \end {array}\right ]$. In addition, ${\mathcal {H}}\left (q_{dq}\right):{\mathbb {R}}^{2}\to \mathbb {R}$ is Hamiltonian energy function and described as follows:

$$ {\mathcal{H}}\left(q_{dq}\right):= \frac{1}{2}q^{\top}_{dq}{\left(C\otimes {\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right)}^{-1}q_{dq}. $$

(37)

Therefore, the load dynamic for $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{L}$ can be described as follows:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{q}}_{{dq}_{i}}&=\left[{{\bar{\omega}} C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}}-R_{i}{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right]\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}\left(q_{{dq}_{i}}\right)}{\partial q_{{dq}_{i}}}+i_{{dq}_{i}}, \\ v_{{dq}_{i}}&=\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}\left(q_{{dq}_{i}}\right)}{\partial q_{{dq}_{i}}}. \end{aligned} $$

(38)

Where we have:

$$ q_{{dq}_{i}}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{n_{i}},\ \ \ i_{{dq}_{i}}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{p_{i}},\ \ \ v_{{dq}_{i}}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{p_{i}}. $$

(39)

In addition, n_i=2 and p_i=2. The port-Hamiltonian energy function is also defined as ${\mathcal {H}}_{i}\left (q_{{dq}_{i}}\right):{\mathbb {R}}^{n_{i}}\to \mathbb {R}$.

The aggregated model of the load dynamics are obtained by collecting the port-Hamiltonian forms given by Eq. (38) for $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{L}$. Let the numbers:

$$ n_{L}:=\sum^{\ell}_{i=1}{n_{i}},\ \ \,\ \ \ p_{L}:=\sum^{\ell}_{i=1}{p_{i}}. $$

(40)

the aggregated vectors:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\boldsymbol{i}}_{L,dq}&=col\left(i_{{dq}_{i}}\right),\ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{L,dq}=col\left(v_{{dq}_{i}}\right), \\ {\boldsymbol{q}}_{L,dq}&=col\left(q_{{dq}_{i}}\right),\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{L}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{q}}_{L,dq}}=col\left(\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{i}}{\partial q_{{dq}_{i}}}\right), \end{aligned} $$

(41)

the interconnection and dissipation matrix:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\mathcal{J}}_{L_{c}}&:=bdg\left\{{{\bar{\omega}} C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}}\right\}, \\ {\mathcal{R}}_{L}&:=bdg\left\{{R_{i}\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right\}. \end{aligned} $$

(42)

interaction port matrices:

$$ F_{L}:=bdg\left\{{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right\}. $$

(43)

and the total Hamiltonian function ${\mathcal {H}}_{L}:{\mathbb {R}}^{n_{L}}\to \mathbb {R}$ for load dynamics:

$$ {\mathcal{H}}_{L}:=\sum^{\ell}_{i=1}{{\mathcal{H}}\left({\phi}_{{dq}_{i}}\right)}. $$

(44)

The aggregated model of the distribution load dynamics can be written as:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{\boldsymbol{q}}}_{L,dq}&=\left({\mathcal{J}}_{L_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{L}\right)\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{L}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{q}}_{L,dq}}+{F_{L}}{\boldsymbol{i}}_{L,dq}, \\ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{L,dq}&=F^{\top}_{L}\frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{L}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{q}}_{L,dq}}. \end{aligned} $$

(45)

Remark 4

The general port-Hamiltonian formulation of the distribution load dynamics is given by:

$$ \left\{ \begin{array}{c} {\dot{x}}_{L}=\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{L_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{L}\right]{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{L}\left(x_{L}\right)+{F_{L}}{w_{L}}, \\ y_{L}=F^{\top}_{L}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{L}\left(x_{L}\right). \end{array}\right. $$

(46)

Microgrid overall dynamic

The microgrid overall dynamic is obtained by collecting the aggregated unit dynamics Eqs. (3), (5), (20), (33) and (46). Therefore, the overall dynamic can be rewritten in port-Hamiltonian formulation as follows (Fig. 5):

$$ \begin{aligned} 0&=w_{G}-\bar{w}_{G}=i_{G_{dq}}-\bar{i}_{G_{dq}}, \\[-2pt] {\dot{x}}_{S}&=\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{S_{u}}+{\mathcal{J}}_{S_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{S}\right]{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{S}\right)+F_{S}w_{S}+F_{S_{0}}w_{S_{0}},\\ {\dot{x}}_{L}&=\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{L_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{L}\right]{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{L}\left(x_{L}\right)+F_{L}w_{L},\\ {\dot{x}}_{D}&=\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{D_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{D}\right]{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{D}\left(x_{D}\right)+F_{D}w_{D},\\ y_{G}&=\bar{y}_{G}={\bar{v}}_{G_{dq}},\\ y_{S_{A}}&=A^{\top}_{S}\left({\bar{x}}_{S}\right){\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{S}(x),\\ y_{S}&=F^{\top}_{S}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{S}\right),\\ y_{L}&=F^{\top}_{L}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{L}\left(x_{L}\right),\\ y_{D}&=F^{\top}_{D}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{D}\left(x_{D}\right),\\ y_{S_{0}}&=F^{\top}_{S_{0}}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{S}\right).\\ \end{aligned} $$

(47)

Fig. 5

Microgrid Overall Dynamic: port-Hamiltonian formulation

Let collecting the numbers (14), (27) and (40) as follows:

$$ \begin{aligned} n_{T}&:=n_{S}+n_{L}+n_{D},\ m_{T}:=m_{S}, \\ p_{T}&:=p_{S}+p_{L}+p_{D},\ p_{T_{0}}:= p_{S_{0}}, \end{aligned} $$

(48)

Collecting interconnection matrices of the microgrid unit dynamics (16), (29) and (42):

$$ \begin{aligned} {\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}:=& bdg\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{S_{u}},0,0\right\}, \ {\mathcal{J}}_{T_{c}}:= bdg\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{S_{c}},{\mathcal{J}}_{L_{c}},{\mathcal{J}}_{D_{c}}\right\}, \\ {\mathcal{J}}_{S_{u}}:=&bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & u_{{dq}_{i}} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ -u^{\top}_{{dq}_{i}} & 0_{12} & 0 \end{array}\right]\right\},\\ {\mathcal{J}}_{S_{c}}:=&bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {{\bar{\omega}} L_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & {-\mathbb{I}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {{\bar{\omega}} C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{12} & 0_{12} & 0 \end{array}\right]\right\}, \\ {\mathcal{J}}_{L_{c}}:=&bdg\left\{{{\bar{\omega}} C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}}\right\}, \ {\mathcal{J}}_{D_{c}}:=bdg\left\{{{\bar{\omega}} L_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}}\right\}. \end{aligned} $$

(49)

Collecting dissipation matrices of the microgrid unit dynamics (16), (29) and (42):

$$ \begin{aligned} {\mathcal{R}}_{T}&:=bdg\left\{{\mathcal{R}}_{S},{\mathcal{R}}_{L},{\mathcal{R}}_{D}\right\}, \\ {\mathcal{R}}_{S}&:=bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {R_{i}\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{12} & 0_{12} & G_{{dc}_{i}} \end{array}\right]\right\}, \\ {\mathcal{R}}_{L}&:=bdg\left\{{R_{i}\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right\}, \ {\mathcal{R}}_{D}:=bdg\left\{{R_{i}\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right\}. \\ \end{aligned} $$

(50)

and collecting interaction port matrices of the microgrid unit dynamics (17), (30) and (43):

$$ \begin{aligned} F_{T}:=&bdg\left\{F_{G},F_{S},0,F_{D}\right\}, \\ F_{G}:=& 1, \ F_{S}:= bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{c} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ {-\mathbb{I}}_{2} \\ 0_{12} \end{array}\right] \right\}, \\ F_{L}:=& bdg\left\{{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right\}, \ F_{D}:= bdg\left\{{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right\}. \end{aligned} $$

(51)

and collecting microsource port matrices (17):

$$ \begin{aligned} F_{T_{0}}:= bdg\left\{F_{S_{0}},0,0\right\}; \ F_{S_{0}}:= bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{c} 0_{21} \\ 0_{21} \\ 1 \end{array}\right]\right\}. \end{aligned} $$

(52)

and collecting overall auxiliary passive output matrices (19):

$$ A_{T}:=bdg\left\{A_{S},0,0\right\}; \ A_{S}:=bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{c} {\bar{v}}_{{dc}_{i}}{\mathbb{I}}_{2} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ -{\bar{i}}^{\top}_{S_{{dq}_{i}}} \end{array}\right]\right\}. $$

(53)

The overall port-Hamiltonian form of inverter-based microgrid can be represented as follows:

$$ {{} \begin{aligned} 0&=w_{G}-\bar{w}_{G}, \\ {\dot{x}}_{T}&\,=\,\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\,+\,{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{T}\right] {\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right)\\&\quad+F_{T}w_{T}+F_{T_{0}}w_{T_{0}},\\ y_{G}&=\bar{y}_{G},\\ y_{T_{A}}&=A^{\top}_{T}\left({\bar{x}}_{T}\right){\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right),\\ y_{T}&=F^{\top}_{T}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right),\\ y_{T_{0}}&=F^{\top}_{T_{0}}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right). \end{aligned}} $$

(54)

Where the overall Hamiltonian energy function ${\mathcal {H}}_{T}:{\mathbb {R}}^{n_{T}}\to \mathbb {R}$ is given by:

$$ {\mathcal{H}}_{T}:={\mathcal{H}}_{G}+{\mathcal{H}}_{L}+{\mathcal{H}}_{D} $$

(55)

Furthermore, in overall microgrid dynamic (54), the state space vectors are defined as follows:

$$ {{} \begin{aligned} x_{T}&=\left[\begin{array}{c} {\boldsymbol{\phi}}_{S,dq} \\ {\boldsymbol{q}}_{S,dq} \\ {\boldsymbol{q}}_{{dc},S} \\ {\boldsymbol{q}}_{L,dq} \\ {\boldsymbol{\phi}}_{D,dq} \end{array}\right] \in{\mathbb{R}}^{n_{T}},\ w_{T}= \left[\begin{array}{c} {\boldsymbol{i}}_{S,dq} \\ {\boldsymbol{i}}_{L,dq} \\ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{D,dq} \end{array}\right] \in {\mathbb{R}}^{p_{T}}, \\ y_{T}\!&=\!\left[\begin{array}{c} {\boldsymbol{v}}_{S,dq} \\ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{L,dq} \\ {\boldsymbol{i}}_{D,dq} \end{array}\right] \in{\mathbb{R}}^{p_{T}},\ w_{T_{0}}\,=\,{\boldsymbol{i}}_{S_{0}}\in{\mathbb{R}}^{p_{T_{0}}},\ y_{T_{0}}={\boldsymbol{v}}_{S_{0}}\in{\mathbb{R}}^{p_{T_{0}}}, \end{aligned}} $$

(56)

As mentioned in Section 3, the microgrid topology can be define based on graph $\mathcal {G}$. In addition, the incidence matrix$D\in {\mathbb {R}}^{\bigvee \times e}$ of the microgrid graph is obtained by treating buses as nodes and power units (main-grid, microsource, distribution lines and loads) as edges and given by:

$$ \begin{aligned} D= \left[\begin{array}{ccccc} \hat{\sigma}{\mathbb{I}}_{G} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \hat{\sigma}D_{G} \\ 0 & {\mathbb{I}}_{S_{V}} & 0 & 0 & D_{S_{V}}\\ 0 & 0 & {\mathbb{I}}_{S_{F}} & 0 & D_{S_{F}} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & {\mathbb{I}}_{L} & D_{L} \\ -\hat{\sigma}{\boldsymbol{1}}^{\top}_{G} & -{\boldsymbol{1}}^{\top}_{S_{V}} & -{\boldsymbol{1}}^{\top}_{S_{F}} & {-\boldsymbol{1}}^{\top}_{L} & 0 \end{array}\right] \end{aligned} $$

(57)

Where $\hat {\sigma }=\left (1-\sigma \right)$ and σ shows the microgrid different operation modes, i.e. σ=0 for grid-connected and σ=1 for islanding mode. In addition, 1_× is correspond to a column vector with all its entries equal to one and the of size of vectors defines as follows:

$$ {\boldsymbol{1}}_{G}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{g},\ \ \left[\begin{array}{cc} {\boldsymbol{1}}_{S_{V}} & {\boldsymbol{1}}_{S_{F}} \end{array}\right] \in {\mathbb{R}}^{s},\ \ {\boldsymbol{1}}_{L}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{\ell} $$

(58)

Notably, in islanding mode, the microsources are divided to grid-forming (stabilizing frequency) and grid feeding (stabilizing voltage and power). Hence, the sub-matrices, $D_{S_{V}}$ and $D_{S_{F}}$, are refereed to these divisions. Furthermore, the sub-matrix D^′ represents the incidence matrix of the ${\mathcal {G}}'$ microgrid graph, that is obtained by eliminating the reference node and edges that are connected to it.

$$ {{D}'}^{\top}= \left[\begin{array}{cccc} \hat{\sigma}D_{G} & D_{S_{V}} & D_{S_{F}} & D_{L} \end{array}\right] $$

(59)

In addition, the sub-matrix of microsource incidence matrix is also decomposed to capture the information about the microgrid different operation modes (grid-connected and islanding).

In this section, the vector of node voltages $\mathcal {V}$ and the vector of edge voltages and currents (V_e,I_e) are defined as follows:

$$ {{} \begin{aligned} \mathcal{V}\mathrm{:=} \left[\begin{array}{c} {\mathcal{V}}_{G} \\ {\mathcal{V}}_{S_{V}} \\ {\mathcal{V}}_{S_{F}} \\ {\mathcal{V}}_{L} \\ 0 \end{array}\right] \in {\mathbb{R}}^{\bigvee},\ V_{e}\mathrm{:=}\! \left[\begin{array}{c} v_{G} \\ v_{S_{V}} \\ v_{S_{F}} \\ v_{L} \\ v_{D} \end{array}\right] \in {\mathbb{R}}^{e},\ I_{e}\mathrm{:=}\! \left[\begin{array}{c} i_{G} \\ i_{S_{V}} \\ i_{S_{F}} \\ i_{L} \\ i_{D} \end{array}\right] \in {\mathbb{R}}^{e} \end{aligned}} $$

(60)

Where the reference node is considered to be a ground potential.

Using Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws we get then:

$$ {\boldsymbol{0}}_{\bigvee}={DI}_{e},\quad V_{e}=D^{\top}\mathcal{V} $$

(61)

Then, recalling the definition of incidence matrix given in (57), we have

$$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} 0=i_{G}+\hat{\sigma}D_{G}i_{D}, \\ 0=i_{S_{V}}+D_{S_{V}}i_{D}, \\ 0=i_{S_{F}}+D_{S_{F}}i_{D}, \\ 0=i_{L}+D_{L}i_{D}, \\ 0=\hat{\sigma}{\boldsymbol{1}}^{\top}_{G}i_{G}+{\boldsymbol{1}}^{\top}_{S_{V}}i_{S_{V}}+{\boldsymbol{1}}^{\top}_{S_{F}}i_{S_{F}}{+\boldsymbol{1}}^{\top}_{L}i_{L}. \end{array} \right. $$

(62)

$$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} v_{G}={\mathcal{V}}_{G}, \\ v_{S_{V}}={\mathcal{V}}_{S_{V}}, \\ v_{S_{F}}={\mathcal{V}}_{S_{F}}, \\ v_{L}={\mathcal{V}}_{L}, \\ v_{D}=D^{\top}_{G}{\mathcal{V}}_{G}+D^{\top}_{S_{V}}{\mathcal{V}}_{S_{V}}+D^{\top}_{S_{F}}{\mathcal{V}}_{S_{F}}{+D}^{\top}_{L}{\mathcal{V}}_{L}. \end{array} \right. $$

(63)

Therefore, the overall interconnection law is obtained as follows:

$$ w=\mathcal{T}y, $$

(64)

By defining $w:= col\left (i_{G},i_{S_{F}},i_{S_{V}},i_{L},v_{D}\right)$ and $y:= col\left (v_{G},v_{S_{F}},v_{S_{V}},v_{L},i_{D}\right)$, the overall interconnection matrix is obtained as follows:

$$ \mathcal{T}= \left[\begin{array}{ccccc} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -\hat{\sigma}D_{G} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & {-D}_{S_{V}} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -D_{S_{F}} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -D_{L} \\ \hat{\sigma}D^{\top}_{G} & D^{\top}_{S_{V}} & D^{\top}_{S_{F}} & D^{\top}_{L} & 0 \\ \end{array}\right] $$

(65)

Note that the overall interconnection law is power preserving. In fact

$$ w^{\top}y=y^{\top}{\mathcal{T}}^{\top}y=0, $$

(66)

Where the matrix $\mathcal {T}$ is skew-symmetry. We also have:

$$ w_{T}={\mathcal{T}}_{T}y_{T}+\left[\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ \hat{\sigma}D^{\top}_{G} \end{array}\right] v_{G}={\mathcal{T}}_{T}y_{T}+{G_{T}}{\bar{y}_{G}}, $$

(67)

where the v_G is the voltage of main-grid. Therefore the matrix ${\mathcal {T}}_{T}$ is defined as follows:

$$ {\mathcal{T}}_{T}= \left[\begin{array}{cccc} 0 & 0 & 0 & {-D}_{S_{V}} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -D_{S_{F}} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -D_{L} \\ D^{\top}_{S_{V}} & D^{\top}_{S_{F}} & D^{\top}_{L} & 0 \end{array}\right] $$

(68)

Remark 5

By adding the dynamic of main-grid in grid-connected mode (3) to overall port-Hamiltonian modeling (54) and using the interconnection law (68), we then have:

$$ \begin{aligned} 0&=w_{G}-\bar{w}_{G}, \\ {\dot{x}}_{T}&=\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}+{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{T}+{F_{T}}{{\mathcal{T}}_{T}}{F^{\top}_{T}}\right]{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right) \\ &\quad+{G_{T}}{\bar{y}}_{G}+{F_{T_{0}}}{w_{T_{0}}},\\ y_{T_{A}}&=A^{\top}_{T}\left({\bar{x}}_{T}\right){\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right), \\ y_{T}&=F^{\top}_{T}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right), \\ y_{G}&=\bar{y}_{G}, \\ y_{T_{0}}&=F^{\top}_{T_{0}}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right). \\ \end{aligned} $$

(69)

Where the matrix $F_{T}\mathcal {T}F^{\top }_{T}$ is skew-symmetry.

In addition, by using $i_{G}={\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{T}\left (x_{D}\right)$, so we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} 0=w_{G}-\bar{w}_{G}&=-\hat{\sigma}D_{G}i_{D}+\bar{w}_{G} \\ &=-\hat{\sigma}D_{G}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{D}\right)+\bar{w}_{G}. \end{aligned} $$

(70)

Remark 6

The microgrid overall port-Hamiltonian system (69) satisfies the power balance equation:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{{\mathcal{H}}}}_{T}&={\left[{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right)\right]}^{\top}{\dot{x}}_{T} \\ &=-{\left[{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right)\right]}^{\top}{\mathcal{R}}_{T} \left[{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right)\right] \\ &+{\left[{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right)\right]}^{\top}\left\{{G_{T}}{{\bar{y}}_{G}}+F_{T_{0}}w_{T_{0}}\right\}\\ &\le {\left[{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right)\right]}^{\top}\left\{{G_{T}}{{\bar{y}}_{G}}\right\} +{\left[{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right)\right]}^{\top}\left\{F_{T_{0}}w_{T_{0}}\right\} \\ &=w^{\top}_{G}{{\bar{y}}_{G}}+y^{\top}_{T_{0}}w_{T_{0}} \end{aligned} $$

(71)

Therefore, the overall port-Hamiltonian system verifies the dissipation inequality with Hamiltonian storage function ${\mathcal {H}}_{T}$. Where the term:

• ${\dot {{\mathcal {H}}}}_{T}$ accounts for the stored power (difference between supplied and absorbed power) in micro-grid;

• ${\left [{\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{T}\left (x_{T}\right)\right ]}^{\top }{\mathcal {R}}_{T}\left [{\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{T}\left (x_{T}\right)\right ]$ represents the dissipated power in micro-grid;

• $w^{\top }_{G}{{\bar {y}}_{G}}+y^{\top }_{T_{0}}w_{T_{0}}$ represents the supplied power in micro-grid.

Microgrid open-loop analysis

The set of assignable equilibrium to the microgrid overall dynamic (69) is given by:

$$ \begin{aligned} 0&={\bar{w}}_{G}-\bar{w}_{G}, \\ 0&=\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(\bar{u}\right)+{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{T} +F_{T}{\mathcal{T}}_{T}F^{\top}_{T}\right]{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left({\bar{x}}_{T}\right) \\ &+{G_{T}}{\bar{y}_{G}}+F_{T_{0}}w_{T_{0}},\\ {\bar{y}}_{T_{A}}&=A^{\top}_{T}\left({\bar{x}}_{T}\right){\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left({\bar{x}}_{T}\right),\\ {\bar{y}}_{T}&=F^{\top}_{T}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left({\bar{x}}_{T}\right), \\ {\bar{y}}_{G}&=\bar{y}_{G}, \\ {\bar{y}}_{T_{0}}&=F^{\top}_{T_{0}}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left({\bar{x}}_{T}\right), \\ \end{aligned} $$

(72)

Where ${\bar {x}}_{T}\in {\mathbb {R}}^{n_{T}}$ is the desired equilibrium with corresponding control $\bar {u}$.

Proposition 1

Suppose now that there exists an equilibrium ${\bar {x}}_{T}$. Then, the shifted Hamiltonian energy function (2) transfers the state variable x_T to the desired equilibrium ${\bar {x}}_{T}$.

$$ {\bar{{\mathcal{H}}}}_{T}(s):= {\mathcal{H}}_{T}(s)-{\left({\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(\bar{s}\right)\right)} ^{\top}\left(s-\bar{s}\right)-{\mathcal{H}}_{T}\left(\bar{s}\right). $$

(73)

Proof

By defining $z:={\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{T}(s)$, $\bar {z}:={\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{T}\left (\bar {s}\right)$, $\lambda :={\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{S}(s)$ and $\bar {\lambda }:={\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{S}\left (\bar {s}\right)$ and recalling the equations (69), we have

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{\bar{{\mathcal{H}}}}}_{T}&(s)={\left({\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T}(s)-{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{T} \left(\bar{s}\right)\right)}^{\top}\dot{s} \\ &={\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}+{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{T}+F_{T} {\mathcal{T}}_{T}F^{\top}_{T}\right]z\right. \\ &+\left.{G_{T}}{\bar{y}_{G}}+F_{T_{0}}w_{T_{0}}\right\} \\ &={\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{T}+F_{T}{\mathcal{T}}_{T}F^{\top}_{T}\right] \left(z-\bar{z}\right)\right. \\ &+\left.{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}(u)z-{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(\bar{u}\right)\bar{z}\right\} \\ {\dot{\bar{{\mathcal{H}}}}}_{T}&(s)=-{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}{\mathcal{R}}_{T}\left(z-\bar{z}\right) \\ &+{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}(u)z-{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(\bar{u}\right)\bar{z}\right\}. \end{aligned} $$

(74)

Where the definition (72) and the skew-symmetry of the matrix $\left [{\mathcal {J}}_{T_{c}}+F_{T}{\mathcal {T}}_{T}F^{\top }_{T}\right ]$ are used to obtain the final equation. Therefore, for the second part of equation Eq. (74), we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} &{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}(u)z-{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(\bar{u}\right)\bar{z}\right\}\\ &={\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}(u)\left(z-\bar{z}\right)+{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}(u) \bar{z}-{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(\bar{u}\right)\bar{z}\right\} \\ &={\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(u-\bar{u}\right)\right\}\bar{z} \end{aligned} $$

(75)

Then, recalling the equations (47), we have

$$ \begin{aligned} &{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(u-\bar{u}\right)\right\}\bar{z} \\ &={\left(\lambda-\bar{\lambda}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{S_{u}}\left(u-\bar{u}\right)\right\}\bar{\lambda} \\ &={\left(\lambda-\bar{\lambda}\right)}^{\top}\left\{A_{S}\left(\bar{s}\right)\right\}\left(u-\bar{u}\right)={\tilde{y}}^{\top}_{S_{A}}\tilde{u}. \end{aligned} $$

(76)

Where ${\tilde {y}}_{S_{A}}=A^{\top }_{S}\left (\bar {s}\right)\left ({\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{S}(s)-{\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{S}\left (\bar {s}\right)\right)$. Therefore, the overall port-Hamiltonian system Eq. (69) verifies the incremental passivity with shifted-Hamiltonian storage function ${\bar {{\mathcal {H}}}}_{T}$. □

Microgrid closed-loop stability analysis and control in grid-connected mode

In this section, we show that both the microsource dynamic as well as the decentralized controller admit a port-Hamiltonian representation (Fig. 6), and in particular are passive systems. As a result, the interconnection between the controller and the nonlinear microsource system is power-preserving, implying passivity of the closed loop system as well.

Fig. 6

Microgrid in grid-connected mode

Remark 7

In grid-connected mode, it is assumed that the frequency and voltage of microgrid are stabilized by main grid. Therefore, the microsources work to manage active and reactive injected into micro-grid.

In this section, in order to control the microsource output current $i_{S_{{dq}_{i}}}$ and dc voltage the following decentralized passive controller (proportional-integral) is considered:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{\eta}}_{{dq}_{i}}&=u_{C_{i}}=-y_{B_{i}}, \\ u_{{dq}_{i}}&=y_{C_{i}}=-K_{P_{{dq}_{i}}}y_{B_{i}}+K_{I_{{dq}_{i}}}{\eta}_{{dq}_{i}}, \\ y_{B_{i}}&=B^{\top}_{i}\left({\bar{x}}_{i}\right){\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{i}\right) \\ &= \left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\bar{v}}_{{dc}_{i}}{\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\bar{v}}_{{dc}_{i}}{{\bar{\omega}} C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & -{\bar{i}}_{S_{{dq}_{i}}} \end{array}\right] {\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{S}\left(x_{i}\right). \end{aligned} $$

(77)

In compact form, we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{\boldsymbol{\eta}}}_{C,dq}&=u_{C}=-y_{B}, \\ u&=col\left\{u_{{dq}_{i}}\right\}=y_{C}=-K_{P}y_{B}+K_{I}{\boldsymbol{\eta}}_{C,dq} \end{aligned} $$

(78)

Where $K_{P}=bdg\left \{K_{P_{{dq}_{i}}}\right \}, K_{I}=bdg\left \{K_{I_{{dq}_{i}}}\right \}$ and ${\mathcal {H}}_{C_{i}}=\frac {1}{2}{\left ({\eta }_{{C_{dq}}_{i}}\right)}^{\top }K_{I_{{dq}_{i}}}\left ({\eta }_{{C_{dq}}_{i}}\right)$.

In this section, the combination of controller dynamic (decentralized passive controller) (78) with other microgrid unit dynamics is analyzed in port-Hamiltonian form. Hence, the aggregated model of the microsource (12) and controller dynamics (78) can be then written as:

$$ {{} \begin{aligned} \left[\begin{array}{c} {\dot{\boldsymbol{\eta}}}_{S,dq} \\ {\dot{\boldsymbol{\phi}}}_{S,dq} \\ {\dot{\boldsymbol{q}}}_{S,dq} \\ {\dot{\boldsymbol{q}}}_{{dc},S} \end{array}\right] &=\left({\mathcal{J}}_{{SC}_{u}}+{\mathcal{J}}_{{SC}_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{SC}\right)\left[\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{SC}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{\eta}}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{SC}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{\phi}}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{SC}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{q}}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{SC}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{q}}_{{dc},S}} \end{array}\right] \\ &+{F}_{SC}{\boldsymbol{i}}_{S,{dq}}+{E}_{SC}{\boldsymbol{r}}_{S,{dq}}\\&\quad+F_{{SC}_{0}}{\boldsymbol{i}}_{S_{0}}, {\boldsymbol{v}}_{S,dq}={F^{\top}_{SC}}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{SC}\left(x_{SC}\right) \end{aligned}} $$

(79)

Where $\phantom {\dot {i}\!}u_{{dq}_{i}}=y_{C_{i}}=-K_{P_{{dq}_{i}}}y_{B_{i}}+K_{I_{{dq}_{i}}}{\eta }_{{dq}_{i}}$. In addition, the new Hamiltonian energy function is obtained by combination of microsource and controller energy functions, Hence, we have:

$$ {\mathcal{H}}_{SC}:= {\mathcal{H}}_{S}+{\mathcal{H}}_{C} $$

(80)

Similar to Section 4.5, the overall model can be obtained by collecting the unit dynamics (3), (32), (45) and (79) and also interconnection overall law (68), so we have (Fig. 7):

$$ {{} \begin{aligned} 0&=w_{G}-\bar{w}_{G}, \\ {\dot{x}}_{T}&=\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}+{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{T}+F_{T} {\mathcal{T}}_{T}F^{\top}_{T}\right]{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(x_{T}\right) \\ &\quad+{G_{T}}\bar{y}_{G}+E_{T}r_{T}+F_{T_{0}}w_{T_{0}},\\ y_{T_{A}}&=A^{\top}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right){\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(x_{T}\right), \\ y_{T}&=F^{\top}_{T}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(x_{T}\right), \\ y_{G}&=\bar{y}_{G}, \\ y_{T_{0}}&=F^{\top}_{T_{0}}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(x_{T}\right), \\ \end{aligned}} $$

(81)

Fig. 7

Overall microgrid dynamic in grid-connected mode: microsources equipped with decentralized port-Hamiltonian control dynamics

Where the numbers are obtained by collecting the (14), (27) and (40):

$$ \begin{aligned} n_{T}&:= n_{SC}+n_{L}+n_{D},\ \ \ m_{T}:= m_{S}, \\ p_{T}&:= p_{S}+p_{L}+p_{D},\ \ \ p_{T_{0}}:= p_{S_{0}}. \end{aligned} $$

(82)

Where n_SC=n_S+n_C with $n_{C}=\sum ^{s}_{i=1}{p_{i}}$.

In addition, collecting interconnection matrices of the microgrid unit dynamics (29), (42) and (79):

$$ {{} \begin{aligned} {\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}:= bdg\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{{SC}_{u}},0,0\right\},\ \ {\mathcal{J}}_{T_{c}}:= bdg\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{{SC}_{c}},{\mathcal{J}}_{L_{c}},{\mathcal{J}}_{D_{c}}\right\}, \\ {\mathcal{J}}_{{SC}_{u}}:=bdg\left\{ \left[\begin{array}{cccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & -{\bar{v}}_{{dc}_{i}}{\mathbb{I}}_{2} & -{\bar{v}}_{{dc}_{i}}{{\bar{\omega}} C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & {\bar{i}}_{S_{{dq}_{i}}} \\ v_{{dc}_{i}}{\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & -{\alpha} \\ v_{{dc}_{i}}{{\bar{\omega}} C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ -i^{\top}_{S_{{dq}_{i}}} & {\alpha}^{\top} & 0_{12} & 0 \end{array}\right] \right\}, \\ {\mathcal{J}}_{{SC}_{c}}\!:=\!bdg\left\{ \left[\begin{array}{cccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {{\bar{\omega}} L_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & {-\mathbb{I}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {{\bar{\omega}} C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{12} & 0_{12} & 0_{12} & 0 \end{array}\right] \right\}, \\ {\mathcal{J}}_{L_{c}}:=bdg\left\{{{\bar{\omega}} C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}}\right\}, \ \ {\mathcal{J}}_{D_{c}}:=bdg\left\{{{\bar{\omega}} L_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}}\right\}. \end{aligned}} $$

(83)

Where $\alpha =K_{P_{{dq}_{i}}}y_{B_{i}}$. Collecting dissipation matrices of the microgrid unit dynamics (29), (42) and (79):

$$ \begin{aligned} {\mathcal{R}}_{T}:= bdg\left\{{\mathcal{R}}_{SC},{\mathcal{R}}_{L},{\mathcal{R}}_{D}\right\}, \\ {\mathcal{R}}_{SC}:= bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{cccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {R_{i}\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{12} & 0_{12} & 0_{12} & G_{{dc}_{i}} \end{array}\right] \right\}, \\ {\mathcal{R}}_{L}:= bdg\left\{{R_{i}\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right\}, \ \ {\mathcal{R}}_{D}:= bdg\left\{{R_{i}\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right\}. \end{aligned} $$

(84)

and collecting interaction port matrices of the microgrid unit dynamics (30), (43) and (79):

$$ \begin{aligned} F_{T}:= bdg\left\{F_{G},F_{SC},0,F_{D}\right\}, \\ F_{G}:= 1, \ \ F_{SC}:= bdg\left\{ \left[\begin{array}{c} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ {-\mathbb{I}}_{2} \\ 0_{12} \end{array}\right] \right\}, \\ F_{L}:= bdg\left\{{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right\}, \ \ F_{D}:= bdg\left\{{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right\}. \end{aligned} $$

(85)

and collecting microsource port matrices (79):

$$ \begin{aligned} F_{T_{0}}:= bdg\left\{F_{{SC}_{0}},0,0\right\}; \ F_{{SC}_{0}}:= bdg\left\{ \left[\begin{array}{c} 0_{21} \\ 0_{21} \\ 0_{21} \\ 1 \end{array}\right]\right\}, \end{aligned} $$

(86)

and collecting reference signal matrix (79):

$$ E_{T}^{\top}=bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{cccc} g_{C_{i}}{\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{12} \end{array}\right]\right\}. $$

(87)

Proposition 2

Suppose now that there exists an equilibrium ${\bar {x}}_{T}$, refer to system (81). Then, the following shifted Hamiltonian energy function transfers the state variable x_T to the desired equilibrium ${\bar {x}}_{T}$.

$$ {\bar{{\mathcal{H}}}}_{TC}(s):= {\mathcal{H}}_{TC}(s)-{\left({\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(\bar{s}\right)\right)}^{\top} \left(s-\bar{s}\right)-{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(\bar{s}\right). $$

(88)

Proof

By defining $\tau ={\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{C}\left ({\eta }_{dq}\right)$, $\bar {\tau }={\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{C}\left ({\bar {\eta }}_{dq}\right)$ and recalling the shifted Hamiltonian energy function (73) and equations (75) and (81), we then have:

$$ {{} \begin{aligned} {\dot{\bar{{\mathcal{H}}}}}_{TC}(s)&={\left(\nabla {\mathcal{H}}_{TC}(s)-\nabla {\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(\bar{s}\right)\right)}^{\top}\dot{s} \\ &={\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}+{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{T}+F_{T} {\mathcal{T}}_{T}F^{\top}_{T}\right]z\right. \\ &+\left.{G_{T}}{\bar{y}_{G}}+F_{T_{0}}w_{T_{0}}\right\}+{\left(\tau-\bar{\tau}\right)}^{\top}{\dot{\eta}}_{dq} \\ &=-{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}{\mathcal{R}}_{T}\left(z-\bar{z}\right) \\ &+{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(u-\bar{u}\right)\right\}{\bar{z}}-{\left({\eta}_{dq} -{\bar{\eta}}_{dq}\right)}^{\top}K^{\top}_{I_{dq}}y_{B} \\ &=-{\left(z\,-\,\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}{\mathcal{R}}_{T}\left(z\,-\,\bar{z}\right)+{\left(\lambda\,-\,\bar{\lambda}\right)}^{\top} \left\{B_{S}\left(\bar{s}\right)\right\}\left(u-\bar{u}\right) \\ &-\left\{{\left(u\,-\,\bar{u}\right)}^{\top}\,+\,{\left(\lambda\,-\,\bar{\lambda}\right)}^{\top}\left\{B_{S}\left(\bar{s}\right) \right\}K_{P_{dq}}\right\}{B^{\top}_{S}}{\left(\bar{s}\right)}\left(\lambda\,-\,\bar{\lambda}\right) \\ &=-{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}{\mathcal{R}}_{T}\left(z-\bar{z}\right) \\ &-{\left(\lambda-\bar{\lambda}\right)}^{\top}\left\{B_{S}\left(\bar{s}\right)\right\}K_{P_{dq}}{\left\{B_{S} \left(\bar{s}\right)\right\}}^{\top}\left(\lambda-\bar{\lambda}\right) \\ &=-{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}{\mathcal{R}}_{T}\left(z-\bar{z}\right)-{\tilde{y}}^{\top}_{S_{B}}K_{P_{dq}}{\tilde{y}}_{S_{B}}. \end{aligned}} $$

(89)

Therefore, the overall port-Hamiltonian system (81) with the decentralized passive (proportional-integral) control dynamic using microsource output current (78) satisfies the incremental passivity. □

Microgrid closed-loop stability analysis and control in Islanded mode

In islanded mode, the voltage and frequency of microgrid are stabilized by the inverter-based microsources (Fig. 8). Therefore, in order to control the frequency and voltage as well as regulate active and reactive power (or current) the microsources are divided into grid-forming (frequency control) $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{S_{F}}$ and grid feeding $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{S_{V}}$ (voltage and power) parts. In first part, the dc voltage of microsource is used to capture the dynamic of microsource frequency control $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{S_{F}}$ (see also [104]). Therefore, considering ${\dot {\theta }}_{i}={\omega }_{i}=q_{{dq}_{i}}$ and recalling the dc-side dynamic of microsource (12):

$$ {\dot{q}}_{{dc}_{i}}=\left(-u^{\top}_{{dq}_{i}}\right)i_{{dq}_{i}}-G_{{dc}_{i}}\left(C^{-1}_{{dc}_{i}}q_{{dc}_{i}}\right)+i_{{S_{0}}_{i}}. $$

(90)

Fig. 8

Microgrid in islanding mode

Hence, the dynamic of (grid-forming) frequency control can be described as follows:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{\theta}}_{i}&={\omega}_{i}, \\ {\dot{\omega}}_{i}&=-\left({G_{{dc}_{i}}C}^{-1}_{{dc}_{i}}\right){\omega}_{i}-\left(u^{\top}_{{dq}_{i}}\right)i_{{dq}_{i}}+i_{{S_{0}}_{i}}\\ &=-d{\omega}_{i}-u_{C_{i}}+{\bar{u}}_{C_{i}}. \end{aligned} $$

(91)

Where $u_{C_{i}}=\left (u^{\top }_{{dq}_{i}}\right)i_{{dq}_{i}}$ and $i_{{S_{0}}_{i}}={\bar {u}}_{C_{i}}$. The Hamiltonian energy function of the (grid-forming) microsource ${\mathcal {H}}\left ({\phi }_{{dq}_{i}},q_{{dq}_{i}},{\omega }_{i}\right)$, which denotes the total energy, is given by:

$$ {\mathcal{H}}\left(x_{i}\right)\,=\,\frac{1}{2}\left({\phi}^{\top}_{{dq}_{i}}{\left(L{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right)}^{-1}{\phi}_{{dq}_{i}} +q^{\top}_{{dq}_{i}}{\left(C{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right)}^{-1}q_{{dq}_{i}}+{\omega}^{2}_{i}\right). $$

(92)

where $\phantom {\dot {i}\!}{\phi }_{{dq}_{i}}$ is the flux linkage across the inductors, $\phantom {\dot {i}\!}q_{{dq}_{i}}$ is the charge in the capacitors and ω_i is angle frequency.

Therefore, the aggregated model of the microsource dynamic (12) $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{S_{F}}$ and the frequency controller dynamic (91) can be then written as:

$$ \begin{aligned} \left[\begin{array}{c} {\dot{\boldsymbol{\theta}}}_{S} \\ {\dot{\boldsymbol{\omega}}}_{S} \\ {\dot{\boldsymbol{\phi}}}_{S,dq} \\ {\dot{\boldsymbol{q}}}_{S,dq} \end{array}\right] &=\left({\mathcal{J}}_{{SFC}_{u}}+{\mathcal{J}}_{{SFC}_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{SC}\right) \left[\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{SFC}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{\theta}}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{SFC}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{\omega}}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{SFC}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{\phi}}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{SFC}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{q}}_{S,dq}} \end{array}\right]\\ &+{F}_{SFC}{\boldsymbol{i}}_{S,dq} \end{aligned} $$

(93)

Where we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\mathcal{J}}_{{SFC}_{u}}&\,=\, bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{cccc} 0 & 1 & 0_{12} & 0_{12} \\ 1 & 0 & {\hat{m}}^{\top}\left({\theta}_{i}\right){\tilde{y}}_{z_{i}} & 0_{12} \\ 0_{21} & \,-\,\left[\hat{m}\left({\theta}_{i}\right)\right]{\tilde{y}}_{z_{i}} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ 0 & 0_{21} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \end{array}\right] \right\}, \\ {\mathcal{J}}_{{SFC}_{c}}&=bdg \left\{\left[\begin{array}{cccc} 0 & 0 & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {0}^{21} \\ 0 & 0 & 0_{12} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{21} & 0_{21} & {\bar{\omega}L_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{21} & 0_{21} &{\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\bar{\omega}C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} \end{array}\right]\right\}, \\ {\mathcal{R}}_{SFC}&=bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{cccc} 0 & 0 & 0_{12} & 0_{12} \\ 0 & d_{i} & 0_{12} & 0_{12} \\ 0_{21} & 0_{21} & {R_{i}\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ 0_{21} & 0_{21} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \end{array}\right] \right\}, \\ {F}_{SFC}&=bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{c} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ {-\mathbb{I}}_{2} \\ 0_{12} \end{array}\right] \right\}. \end{aligned} $$

(94)

In addition, the passive auxiliary output is defined as follows:

$$ \begin{aligned} y_{z_{i}}&=Z^{\top}\left(\bar{s}\right){\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{SFC}(s)={{\overline{i}}_{dq}}_{i}{\omega}_{i} -\left({{\bar{\omega}}_{\boldsymbol{i}}\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right){i_{dq}}_{i} \\ &=\left[\begin{array}{cccc} 0_{21} & {{\overline{i}}_{dq}}_{i} & -{\bar{\omega}}_{\boldsymbol{i}}{\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \end{array}\right] {\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{SFC}(s). \end{aligned} $$

(95)

In second part $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{S_{V}}$, as mentioned in Section 6, in order to control (grid-feeding) microsource output current and voltage $\left (i_{S_{{dq}_{i}}},v_{S_{{dq}_{i}}}\right)$ and dc voltage the following decentralized passive controller (proportional-integral) is considered:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{\eta}}_{{dq}_{i}}&=u_{C_{i}}=-y_{M_{i}}, \\ u_{{dq}_{i}}&=y_{C_{i}}=-K_{P_{{dq}_{i}}}y_{M_{i}}+K_{I_{{dq}_{i}}}{\eta}_{{dq}_{i}}, \\ y_{M_{i}}&=M^{\top}_{i}\left({\bar{x}}_{i}\right){\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{SV}\left({\phi}_{{dq}_{i}},q_{{dq}_{i}},q_{{dc}_{i}}\right)\\ &= \left[\begin{array}{ccc} {\bar{v}}_{{dc}_{i}}{\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\bar{v}}_{{dc}_{i}}\left({\omega C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}}+{\mathbb{I}}_{2}\right) & -{\bar{i}}_{S_{{dq}_{i}}} \end{array}\right]{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{SV}\left(x_{i}\right) \end{aligned} $$

(96)

In compact form, we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{\boldsymbol{\eta}}}_{C,dq}&=u_{C}=-y_{M}, \\ u&=col\left\{u_{{dq}_{i}}\right\}=y_{C}=-K_{P}y_{M}+K_{I}{\boldsymbol{\eta}}_{C,dq}. \end{aligned} $$

(97)

By defining $K_{P}=bdg\left \{K_{P_{{dq}_{i}}}\right \}$, $K_{I}=bdg\left \{K_{I_{{dq}_{i}}}\right \}$ and ${\mathcal {H}}_{C_{i}}=\frac {1}{2}{\left ({\eta }_{{C_{dq}}_{i}}\right)}^{\top }K_{I_{{dq}_{i}}}\left ({\eta }_{{C_{dq}}_{i}}\right)$, The new Hamiltonian energy function is obtained by combination of microsource and controller energy functions, Hence, we have:

$$ {\mathcal{H}}_{SVC}:= {\mathcal{H}}_{SV}+{\mathcal{H}}_{C}. $$

(98)

Therefore, the aggregated model of the microsource (12) $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{S_{V}}$ and controller dynamic (96) can be then written as:

$$ \begin{aligned} \left[\begin{array}{c} {\dot{\boldsymbol{\eta}}}_{S,dq} \\ {\dot{\boldsymbol{\phi}}}_{S,dq} \\ {\dot{\boldsymbol{q}}}_{S,dq} \\ {\dot{\boldsymbol{q}}}_{{dc},S} \end{array}\right] &=\left({\mathcal{J}}_{{SVC}_{u}}+{\mathcal{J}}_{{SVC}_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{SVC}\right)\left[\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{SVC}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{\eta}}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{SVC}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{\phi}}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{SVC}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{q}}_{S,dq}} \\ \frac{\partial {\mathcal{H}}_{SVC}}{\partial {\boldsymbol{q}}_{{dc},S}} \end{array}\right] \\ &+{F}_{SVC}{\boldsymbol{i}}_{S,{dq}}+{E}_{SVC}{\boldsymbol{r}}_{S,{dq}}+F_{{SVC}_{0}}{\boldsymbol{i}}_{S_{0}},\\ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{S,dq}&={F^{\top}_{SC}}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{SVC}\left(x_{SC}\right) \end{aligned} $$

(99)

Where we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\mathcal{J}}_{{SVC}_{u}}&= bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{cccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & -{\bar{v}}_{{dc}_{i}}{\mathbb{I}}_{2} & -\beta & {\bar{i}}_{S_{{dq}_{i}}} \\ v_{{dc}_{i}}{\mathbb{I}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & -K_{P_{{dq}_{i}}}y_{M_{i}} \\ {\beta}^{\top} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{12} \\ -i^{\top}_{S_{{dq}_{i}}} & y^{\top}_{M_{i}}K^{\top}_{P_{{dq}_{i}}} & 0_{12} & 0 \end{array}\right] \right\} \\ {\mathcal{J}}_{{SVC}_{c}}&= bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{cccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\omega L_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & {-\mathbb{I}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\omega C_{i}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{J}}} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{12} & 0_{12} & 0_{12} & 0 \end{array}\right] \right\} \\ {\mathcal{R}}_{SVC}&= bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{cccc} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {R_{i}\mathbb{I}}_{2} &{\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & 0_{21} \\ 0_{12} & 0_{12} & 0_{12} & G_{{dc}_{i}} \end{array}\right] \right\} \\ {F}_{SVC}&=bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{c} {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ {-\mathbb{I}}_{2} \\ 0_{12} \end{array}\right] \right\}, \ \ {E}_{SVC}=bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{c} {\mathbb{I}}_{2} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ 0_{12} \end{array}\right] \right\} \\ F_{{SVC}_{0}}&=bdg\left\{\left[\begin{array}{c} 0_{21} \\ 0_{21} \\ 0_{21} \\ 1 \end{array}\right] \right\}. \end{aligned} $$

(100)

Where $\phantom {\dot {i}\!}u_{{dq}_{i}}=y_{C_{i}}=-K_{P_{{dq}_{i}}}y_{M_{i}}+K_{I_{{dq}_{i}}}{\eta }_{{dq}_{i}}$ and $\beta ={\bar {v}}_{{dc}_{i}}\left ({\omega C_{i}\boldsymbol {\mathrm {J}}}+{\mathbb {I}}_{2}\right)$.

Similar to Section 4.5, the overall model can be obtained by collecting the microgrid unit dynamics (3), (32), (45), (93) and (99) and also the interconnection overall law (68), so we have (Fig. 9):

$$ \begin{aligned} {\dot{x}}_{T}&=\left[{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}+{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{c}}-{\mathcal{R}}_{T}+F_{T}{\mathcal{T}}_{T}F^{\top}_{T}\right] {\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(x_{T}\right) \\ &+E_{T}r_{T}+F_{T_{0}}w_{T_{0}}, \end{aligned} $$

$$ \begin{aligned} y_{T_{A}}&=A^{\top}_{T}\left(x_{T}\right){\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(x_{T}\right), \\ y_{T}&=F^{\top}_{T}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(x_{T}\right), \\ y_{T_{0}}&=F^{\top}_{T_{0}}{\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(x_{T}\right). \end{aligned} $$

(101)

Fig. 9

Overall microgrid dynamic in islanding mode: grid-forming microsources equipped with decentralized frequency control dynamics and grid-feeding microsources equipped with decentralized voltage and power control dynamics

Proposition 3

Suppose now that there exists an equilibrium ${\bar {x}}_{T}$, refer to system (101). Then, the following shifted Hamiltonian energy function transfers the state variable x_T to the desired equilibrium ${\bar {x}}_{T}$.

$$ {\bar{{\mathcal{H}}}}_{TC}(s):= {\mathcal{H}}_{TC}(s)-{\left({\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(\bar{s}\right)\right)}^{\top} \left(s-\bar{s}\right)-{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(\bar{s}\right). $$

(102)

Proof

By recalling the shifted Hamiltonian energy function (73) and equations (75) and (101), Hence, we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} {\bar{{\mathcal{H}}}}_{T}(s)&:= {\mathcal{H}}_{TC}(s)-{\left({\nabla}{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(\bar{s}\right)\right)}^{\top} \left(s-\bar{s}\right)-{\mathcal{H}}_{TC}\left(\bar{s}\right), \\ {\dot{\bar{{\mathcal{H}}}}}_{T}(s)&=-{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}{\mathcal{R}}_{T}\left(z-\bar{z}\right) \\ &+{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(s-\bar{s}\right)\right\}z \end{aligned} $$

(103)

Hence, for first part of above equation, we also have:

$$ \begin{aligned} &{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(s-\bar{s}\right)\right\}z \\ &={\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(s-\bar{s}\right)\right\}\left(z-\bar{z}\right) \\ &+{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(s-\bar{s}\right)\right\}\bar{z} \end{aligned} $$

(104)

Therefore, by defining $\lambda ={\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{SC}(s)$ and $\bar {\lambda }={\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{SC}\left (\bar {s}\right)$ for second part of Eq. (103), we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} &{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(s-\bar{s}\right)\right\}\left(z-\bar{z}\right) \\ &={\left(\lambda-\bar{\lambda}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{S_{u}}\left(s-\bar{s}\right)\right\}\left(\lambda-\bar{\lambda}\right)=0 \end{aligned} $$

(105)

Hence, by recalling Eq. (104), we have:

$$ \begin{aligned} &{\left(z-\bar{z}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{T_{u}}\left(s-\bar{s}\right)\right\}z \\ &={\left(\lambda-\bar{\lambda}\right)}^{\top}\left\{{\mathcal{J}}_{S_{u}}\left(s-\bar{s}\right)\right\}\bar{\lambda} \\ &=-\sum^{s_{F}}_{i=1}{\left\{{\tilde{y}}^{\top}_{Z_{i}}\left(M\left({\theta}_{i}\right)\right){\tilde{y}}_{Z_{i}} \right\}}-{\tilde{y}}^{\top}_{S_{B}}K_{P_{dq}}{\tilde{y}}_{S_{B}} \\ &=0-{\tilde{y}}^{\top}_{S_{B}}K_{P_{dq}}{\tilde{y}}_{S_{B}}=-{\tilde{y}}^{\top}_{S_{B}}K_{P_{dq}}{\tilde{y}}_{S_{B}} \end{aligned} $$

(106)

Where ${\tilde {y}}_{S_{B}}=B^{\top }_{S}\left (\bar {s}\right)\left ({\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{SVC}(s)-{\nabla }{\mathcal {H}}_{SVC}\left (\bar {s}\right)\right)$ and M(θ_i) is defined as follows:

$$M\left({\theta}_{i}\right)=\left[\begin{array}{cccc} 0 & 0 & 0_{12} & 0_{12} \\ 0 & 0 & {\hat{m}}^{\top}\left({\widetilde{\theta}}_{i}\right) & 0_{12} \\ 0_{21} & -\left[\hat{m}\left({\theta}_{i}\right)\right] & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \\ 0_{21} & 0_{21} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} & {\mathbb{0}}_{2} \end{array}\right]$$

Therefore, the overall port-Hamiltonian system (101) with integrating the frequency control dynamic (91) and the voltage (power) control dynamic (94) satisfies the incremental passivity. □

Simulation

In this section, the performance of the proposed control methodology is verified by a set of simulation studies. Therefore, a microgrid consisting of the nine-microsources is chosen as a test system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control dynamics (see Fig. 10). The analysis is carried out based on the three-phase Subnetwork 1 of the CIGRE benchmark medium voltage distribution network (see [105]). It should be noted, to satisfy the load demand in islanded mode, the power ratings of the generation units are modified. As illustrated in Fig. 10, this test microgrid has a meshed topology and consists of 11 main buses. Moreover, it contains a total of nine controllable microsources. In addition, the base apparent power rating (S_base) is 4.3MVA.

Fig. 10

Test system topology

We consider the following three scenarios.

Grid-connected scenario

As mention in Section 6, all microscources work as grid-feeding units. In addition, the microgrid contains a total of nine controllable microsources at buses 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 (see Fig. 10). We associate to each microsource its apparent power rating $\bar {S}_{i}$. The $\bar {S}_{i}$ is given for each source in Table 1. The active and reactive power setpoints ($\bar {P}_{i}$ and $\bar {Q}_{i}$) relative to apparent power rating $\bar {S}_{i}$ are also mentioned in this table. Moreover, the load parameters are illustrated in Table 2.

Table 1 Grid-connected scenario: Microgrid parameters

Table 2 Load parameters

In addition, the decentralized power sharing (and voltage) controllers are equipped with the PI controllers (77). In this scenario, the controller parameters of the PI controllers are chosen as follows: for microsource output current (${i_{S_{dq_{i}}}}$) and output voltage control, ${{K_{P}}=0.9{\mathbb {I}_{2}}}$ and ${K_{I}}=20{\mathbb {I}_{2}}$ as well as for frequency control, K_P=10 and K_I=500.

The simulation results are shown in Fig. 11. More precisely, the microgrid dynamic responses including frequency synchronization (the relative frequencies $\Delta {{f}_{i}}=({{\omega }_{i}}-{\bar {\omega }_{i}})/(2\pi)$), the power sharing (active/reactive power outputs relative to apparent power rating P_i/S_i and Q_i/S_i) as well as dc and ac voltage tracking (amplitudes at microsource terminals) are illustrated.

Fig. 11

Grid-connected scenario. The microsource dynamic responses including dc voltage tracking, frequency synchronization, the power sharing as well as ac voltage tracking (amplitudes at output terminals). The lines correspond to the grid-feeding microsources at: bus 3, ’–’, bus 6, ’- -’, bus 7, ’..’, bus 10, ’-.’. Moreover, the lines correspond to the other grid-feeding microsources at: bus 4, ’ >-’, bus 5, ’+-’, bus 8, ’x-’, bus 9, ’o-’, bus 11,’*-’

The simulation results show that all trajectories converge to desired states demonstrating the stability analysis in Section 6. After a transient, the frequencies synchronize and the amplitudes of bus voltages become constant. The frequencies at the all microsource buses are converged to nominal value. The voltage amplitudes remain within 1±0.1pu in steady-state. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the proposed controllers can regulate the microsource voltages with good tracking performance. The initial conditions have been chosen arbitrarily. Hence, the simulation result shows the stability of the decentralized frequency and voltage control dynamics, as given in (77). Furthermore, the simulation confirms that the decentralized control dynamics are suited to achieve the desired objective of frequency synchronization, voltage control and power sharing.

Islaned scenario

As illustrated in Fig. 10, the microgrid contains a total of nine controllable microsources four of which are grid-forming microsources ($i\in {{\mathcal {E}}_{S_{F}}}$) equipped with decentralized frequency and voltage controllers at buses 3, 6, 7 and 10 and five of which are grid-feeding microsources ($i\in {{\mathcal {E}}_{S_{V}}}$) equipped with decentralized power and voltage controllers at buses 4, 5, 8, 9 and 11. In addition, the microsource and control setpoints, $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{S_{F}}$ and $i\in {\mathcal {E}}_{S_{V}}$, are given in Table 3. Moreover, the load parameters are illustrated in Table 2.

Table 3 Islanded scenario: Microgrid parameters

As mention in Section 7, for the grid-forming microsources ($i\in {{\mathcal {E}}_{S_{F}}}$), the decentralized frequency (and voltage as well as power sharing) controllers are equipped with the PI controllers (91). In this scenario, the controller parameters of the PI controllers are chosen as follows: for microsource output current (${i_{S_{dq_{i}}}}$) and output voltage control, ${{K_{P}}=0.9{\mathbb {I}_{2}}}$ and ${K_{I}}=20{\mathbb {I}_{2}}$ as well as for frequency control, K_P=10 and K_I=500.

In addition, for the grid-forming microsources ($i\in {{\mathcal {E}}_{S_{V}}}$), the decentralized power sharing (and voltage) controllers are equipped with the PI controllers (95). In this scenario, the controller parameters of the PI controllers are chosen as follows: for microsource output current (${i_{S_{dq_{i}}}}$) and output voltage control, ${{K_{P}}=0.9{\mathbb {I}_{2}}}$ and ${K_{I}}=20{\mathbb {I}_{2}}$ as well as for frequency control, K_P=10 and K_I=500.

The simulation results are shown in Fig. 12. More precisely, the microgrid dynamic responses including frequency synchronization (the relative frequencies $\Delta {{f}_{i}}=({{\omega }_{i}}-{\bar {\omega }_{i}})/(2\pi)$, the power sharing (active/reactive power outputs relative to apparent power rating P_i/S_i and Q_i/S_i) as well as dc and ac voltage tracking (amplitudes at microsource terminals) are illustrated, for $i\in {{\mathcal {E}}_{S_{F}}}$ and $i\in {{\mathcal {E}}_{S_{V}}}$

Fig. 12

Islanded scenario. The microsource dynamic responses including dc voltage tracking, frequency synchronization, the power sharing as well as ac voltage tracking (amplitudes at output terminals). The lines correspond to the grid-forming microsources ${i\in {{\mathcal {E}}_{S_{F}}}}$: bus 3, ’–’, bus 6, ’- -’, bus 7, ’..’, bus 10, ’-.’. Moreover, the lines correspond to the grid-feeding microsources ${i\in {{\mathcal {E}}_{S_{V}}}}$: bus 4, ’ >-’, bus 5, ’+-’, bus 8, ’x-’, bus 9, ’o-’, bus 11,’*-’

The simulation results show that all trajectories converge to desired states demonstrating the stability analysis in Section 7. After a transient, the frequencies synchronize and the amplitudes of bus voltages become constant. The frequencies at the all microsource buses (${i\in {{\mathcal {E}}_{S_{F}}}}$ and ${i\in {{\mathcal {E}}_{S_{V}}}}$) are converged to nominal value. The voltage amplitudes remain within 1±0.1pu in steady-state. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the proposed controllers can regulate the microsource voltages with good tracking performance. The initial conditions have been chosen arbitrarily. Hence, the simulation result shows the stability of the decentralized frequency and voltage control dynamics, as given in (91) and (95). Furthermore, the simulation confirms that the decentralized control dynamics are suited to achieve the desired objective of frequency synchronization, voltage control and power sharing.

Transition scenario

The transient dynamics between grid-connected and islanded modes and vice versa are shown in Figs. 13 and 14. The switching is occurred at time 2.5 sec via common coupling (CCP) switch. The controller and microsource parameters are selected similar to the grid-connected and islanded scenarios at previous subsections. After switching, all trajectories seamlessly converge to the desired states (see Figs. 13 and 14). In addition, the frequencies synchronize and the amplitudes of the all bus voltages become constant. The frequencies at the all microsource buses (${i\in {{\mathcal {E}}_{S_{F}}}}$ and ${i\in {{\mathcal {E}}_{S_{V}}}}$) are converged to nominal value. The voltage amplitudes remain within 1±0.1pu in steady-state. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the proposed controllers can regulate the microsource voltages with good tracking performance. The initial conditions have been chosen arbitrarily. Hence, the simulation result shows the stability of the decentralized frequency and voltage control dynamics, as given in (77), (91) and (95). Furthermore, the simulation confirms that the decentralized control dynamics are suited to achieve the desired objective of frequency synchronization, voltage control and power sharing.

Fig. 13

Transition between grid-connected and islanded modes. The switching between grid-connected and islanded modes is occurred at time 2.5 sec. The microsource dynamic responses including dc voltage tracking, frequency synchronization, the power sharing as well as ac voltage tracking (amplitudes at output terminals). The lines correspond to the microsources at: bus 3, ’–’, bus 6, ’- -’, bus 7, ’..’, bus 10, ’-.’. Moreover, the lines correspond to other microsources at: bus 4, ’ >-’, bus 5, ’+-’, bus 8, ’x-’, bus 9, ’o-’, bus 11,’*-’

Fig. 14

Transition between islanded and grid-connected modes. The switching between slanded and grid-connected modes is occurred at time 2.5 sec. The microsource dynamic responses including dc voltage tracking, frequency synchronization, the power sharing as well as ac voltage tracking (amplitudes at output terminals). The lines correspond to the microsources at: bus 3, ’–’, bus 6, ’- -’, bus 7, ’..’, bus 10, ’-.’. Moreover, the lines correspond to other microsources at: bus 4, ’ >-’, bus 5, ’+-’, bus 8, ’x-’, bus 9, ’o-’, bus 11,’*-’

The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The designed controllers guarantee the power sharing and the frequency as well as voltage stability of the entire microgrid system.

Conclusion

The problem of decentralized control of inverter-based ac micro-grid in different operation modes is addressed in this work. In addition, we focus on the problem of decentralized frequency and voltage control of the microgrid system without information exchange between the microsources. The design of passive dynamic controllers which ensure stability of the entire microgrid system is also addressed in this paper. Furthermore, to deal with nonlinear, interconnected and large-scale structure of micro-grid systems, the port-Hamiltonian formulation is used as a powerful tool to capture the dynamic of micro-grid components and interconnection controllers. It is shown that both the microgrid dynamic as well as the controller designs admit a port-Hamiltonian representation which are then interconnected to obtain a closed-loop port-Hamiltonian system. Moreover, to deal with large signal stability problem of microgrid system, the shifted-Hamiltonian energy function is served as a storage function to ensure incremental passivity of system. In addition, the contribution also expands the knowledge on the use of shifted-energy functions in the context of decentralized control of micro-grids. Moreover, it is shown that the aggregating of the microgrid dynamic and the decentralized controller dynamics satisfies the incremental passivity in the grid-connected and islanded modes. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed controllers is evaluated through simulation studies. The different scenarios including grid-connected and islanded modes as well as transition between both modes are simulated. The simulation conforms that the decentralized control dynamics are suited to achieve the desired objective of frequency synchronization, voltage control and power sharing in the grid-connected and islanded modes. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Future works include attempting to add the hybrid microgrid systems and investigating large signal stability analysis as well as examining incremental passivity of entire system.