Analysis of voltage stability uncertainty using stochastic response surface method related to wind farm correlation
- Zhaoxing Ma1Email authorView ORCID ID profile,
- Hao Chen2 and
- Yanli Chai3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41601-017-0051-3
© The Author(s) 2017
Received: 6 January 2017
Accepted: 9 May 2017
Published: 22 May 2017
Abstract
Wind speed follows the Weibull probability distribution and wind power can have a significant influence on power system voltage stability. In order to research the influence of wind plant correlation on power system voltage stability, in this paper, the stochastic response surface method (SRSM) is applied to voltage stability analysis to establish the polynomial relationship between the random input and the output response. The Kendall rank correlation coefficient is selected to measure the correlation between wind farms, and the joint probability distribution of wind farms is calculated by Copula function. A dynamic system that includes system node voltages is established. The composite matrix spectral radius of the dynamic system is used as the output of the SRSM, whereas the wind speed is used as the input based on wind farm correlation. The proposed method is compared with the traditional Monte Carlo (MC) method, and the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach is verified using the IEEE 24-bus system and the EPRI 36-bus system. The simulation results also indicate that the consideration of wind farm correlation can more accurately reflect the system stability.
Keywords
1 Introduction
Around the world, power systems have witnessed increased amount of renewable and dispersed generation, especially wind power and solar power. Renewable energy is a useful supplement to traditional energy sources, but is different from the traditional form of energy because of its uncertainty and intermittency. The renewable energy is connected to power grid by concentrated form or distributed form, bringing many uncertainties to power system voltage stability as well as new problems and challenges to researchers. If system voltage stability is evaluated in the most severe working model for studying, the results are often too conservative, and therefore, a new effective way should be investigated. This paper propose a method to investigate the impact of stochastic uncertainty of grid-connected wind power generation on power system voltage stability by structure dynamic systems that include node voltages.
The impact of stochastic power injections on power flows and voltage profile is a widely studied topic since the 1970s [1]. The probabilistic analysis was firstly introduced into studying power system small signal stability by Burchett and Heydt in [2]. A series of work later on [3–6] have further improved the various aspects of the analytical method of power system probabilistic small signal stability. In [7, 8], a method of probabilistic analysis was proposed to directly calculate the probabilistic density function of critical eigenvalues of a large scale power system from the probabilistic density function of gird connected multiple sources of wind power generation to investigate the impact of stochastic uncertainty of grid-connected wind generation on power system small-signal stability [9]. Reference [10] presented a comparative analysis of the performance of three efficient estimation methods when applied to the probabilistic assessment of small-disturbance stability of uncertain power systems. In [11], an analytical approach was proposed to involve the effects of correlation of wind farms in probabilistic analytical multi-state models of wind farms output generation. Reliability models of wind farms considering wind speed correlation are proposed in [12].
In this paper, power system voltage stability is analyzed using the stochastic response surface method (SRSM). The algebraic equations that contain the voltages are converted into a differential system with system node voltages. Then, the output of the SRSM is the output of the composite matrix spectral radius of the dynamic system is constructed, and is used to judge the stability of the system voltage. The IEEE 24-node system and the EPRI 36-node system with wind power are considered as two examples to verify the accuracy of the proposed analysis method.
2 Discussion
2.1 System model analysis
where f and g express the system dynamic equations and the algebraic equations, respectively. x represents the state variables, y represents the algebraic variables of the node voltage magnitudes and angles, and τ is the control parameters.
where P Li and Q Li are the ith node active and reactive power, respectively. V i and V j are the voltage of the ith node and the jth generator bus, respectively. B ij represents the reactance of the admittance matrix, and α i is the ith bus phase angle. If 1 ≤ j ≤ n, then α j = δ j , where δ j is the generator rotor angle of the jth machine. n is the number of generator buses and m is the number of load buses. P Li and Q Li are functions of V i and α i .
where \( {\delta}_i={\overline{\delta}}_i-{\delta}_0 \), \( {\omega}_i={\overline{\omega}}_i-{\omega}_0 \), \( {\psi}_i={\overline{\psi}}_i-{\delta}_0 \), \( {M}_T={\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^n{M}_i} \), \( {\delta}_0=\frac{1}{M_T}{\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^n{M}_i{\overline{\delta}}_i} \), \( {\omega}_0=\frac{1}{M_T}{\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^n{M}_i{\overline{\omega}}_i} \), \( {P}_{COI}={\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^n{P}_{mi}-{\displaystyle \sum_{i= n+1}^{n+ N}{P}_{Li}}} \). P Li is the active load at each node and P mi is the input mechanical power. \( {\overline{\delta}}_i \) and \( {\overline{\omega}}_i \) are the rotor angle and angular speed of the ith machine, respectively. δ 0 and ω 0 are the centers of angle and angular speed, respectively. M i and E gi are the ith machine inertia and internal voltage, respectively. B represents the reactance of the admittance matrix. n is the number of generators, V i+n and \( {\overline{\psi}}_{i+ n} \) are the generator bus voltage and phase angle, respectively. N is the number of non-generator buses in the power system.
where, \( A\left(\tau \right)=\raisebox{1ex}{$\partial {y}_P$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\partial V$}\right. \), \( B\left(\tau \right)=\raisebox{1ex}{$\partial {y}_P$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\partial \alpha $}\right. \), \( C\left(\tau \right)=\raisebox{1ex}{$\partial {y}_Q$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\partial V$}\right. \), \( D\left(\tau \right)=\raisebox{1ex}{$\partial {y}_Q$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\partial \alpha $}\right. \), \( E\left(\tau \right)=\raisebox{1ex}{$\partial {y}_P$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\partial \delta $}\right. \) and \( F\left(\tau \right)=\raisebox{1ex}{$\partial {y}_Q$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\partial \delta $}\right. \). Define τ = (δ′, ω′, V′, α′).
where x = (V, α)′.
Using (13), a dynamic system can be constructed that contains power system node voltages. A node voltage state equation and its Jacobian matrix can then be established and used to meet the uncertainty of wind power generation. The uncertain elements that are included in the wind power are considered as the input, and a single element that can measure the system voltage stability is considered as the output. After the application of “black box algorithm”, it can analyze the influence of the uncertainties on system voltage stability.
Setting J the Jacobian matrix of system (13) at the equilibrium. If the real parts of all the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix J is negative, the system (13) is stable; otherwise, the system can become unstable. Thus, a new simple and effective lemma [14] is given as follows:
Lemma 1 If the spectral radius ρ(J) of matrix J satisfies ρ(J)<1, then the matrix J is a convergence matrix.
Theorem 1 Assuming that (I−J)−1 exists and (I+J)(I−J)−1 converges, the real parts of all the eigenvalues of J are negative, where I represents the identity matrix.
Theorem 2 Assuming that (I−J)−1 exists and (I+J)(I−J)−1 dose not converge, the real parts of all the eigenvalues of J are nonnegative.
A power system with wind plant is considered as an example for further elaboration. The wind speed is set to v w , which is considered as the uncertain input element. A is the system Jacobi matrix at the equilibrium point, so the complex matrix ((I+A)(I−A)−1) can be founded. The spectral matrix of the complex matrix that can be used to judge the stability of the system voltage can be taken as the output. After calculation using the black box algorithm, as the spectral radius ρ((I+J)(I−J)−1) of the matrix (I+J)(I−J)−1 satisfies ρ((I+J)(I−J)−1) < 1, all of the real parts of the eigenvalues of matrix J are negative and the existing dynamic system voltage is stable. In contrast, if the spectral radius ρ((I+J)(I−J)−1) satisfies ρ((I+J)(I−J)−1) ≥ 1, the system voltage is unstable.
Thus, the relationship between the elements of wind power uncertainty and the system voltage stability is established, and the system voltage stability state can be assessed.
2.2 Stochastic response surface method analysis
SRSM improves the computational efficiency and accuracy of probability analysis through special reconnaissance and polynomial chaos expansion model output, which is considered to be deterministic classical response surface method [15]. SRSM significantly improves the efficiency and reliability of the analysis, and avoids the iterative computation of traditional methods [16–18].
where û(x) is polynomial function.
where Ψ represents the vector of \( {\left\{{\varphi}_{ik}\right\}}_{k=1}^p \), p ≥ 1. Solving η p (φ i1 , φ i2 ,…, φ ip ), and substituting into the (14) can obtain the expression of the output model y.
For (16), six certainty coefficients need be solved in 2-rank output model y 2 . Thus, the number of the certainty coefficients a i be solved in the 2-rank model is 1 + 2n + ½(n(n-1)) with n random variables.
To calculate the unknown coefficients a i , some sample points with forms as (φ 1m , φ 2m ) are required to be selected. In this paper, φ describes the wind speed following probability distribution, and y expresses the degree of voltage instability by (16) and (17). Thus, the relation that is related to power system is established for analysis.
Equation (17) is the 2-rank expansion model, and the roots (0, \( \sqrt{3} \), −\( \sqrt{3} \) of the 3-rank Hermite polynomials can be selected with a total of nine sample points. If the number of random variables is more than 3, the number of sample points is two times larger than that of the unknown factor, and thus large amount of calculation is required. However, the selected sample points are in the standard normal distribution space, and therefore, it is necessary to convert them to the original space. The transformation of the original space sample points corresponds to the real response value, and the unknown coefficients a i can be obtained using the least square method for solving linear equations.
2.3 Copula theory correlation analysis
2.3.1 Copula function definition
where \( c\left( u, v\right)=\raisebox{1ex}{$\partial C\left( u, v\right)$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\partial u\partial v$}\right. \), u = F(x), v = G(y); f(·) and g(·) are the density functions of F(·) and G(·), respectively. In this paper, wind power output sequences of the two wind power plants are x and y, and their distribution functions are F(x) and G(y), respectively. u = F(x), v = G(y). H is the copula function of F (x) and G (y).
where β is the relative parameter and β ≠ 0. If β > 0, random variables u and v have positive correlation. If β → 0, random variables u and v tend to be independent. β<0 show that random variable u and v have negative correlation.
2.3.2 Correlation analysis
as the Kendall rank correlation coefficient, and к∈[−1,1], i ≠ j. P indicates probability of occurrence. If к > 0, random variables X and Y have positive correlation; if к < 0, the random variables have negative correlation. If к = 0, the correlation between random variables X and Y cannot be determined.
Random variable P 1 and P 2 is defined as the output rates of the two wind farms, respectively. (p 11, p 12,…, p 1n ) and (p 21, p 22,…, p 2n ) are the respective sample space of random variable P 1 and P 2, n is the sample size, which establishes a one-to-one relationship with p 1i and p 2i .
where \( {D}_k\left(\beta \right)=\frac{k}{\beta^k}{\displaystyle {\int}_0^{\beta}\frac{t^k}{e^t-1} dt} \), k = 1.
2.4 Wind power uncertainty analysis
where v in and v out are respective cut-in wind speed and cut-out wind speeds, v r is the rated wind speed, P e is the active power generated by the wind farm, and P 0 is the rated active power. c and d are constants.
where g erg is the Gaussian error function.
The analysis process with SRSM is expressed in the next section.
3 Method
3.1 Voltage uncertainty analysis with SRSM
Flow chart of the analysis method
4 Results
4.1 Case studies
The IEEE 24-bus system
4.2 Case 1
Parameters of wind farms
Wind farms | 1 | 2 |
Fans | 40 | 20 |
Rated capacity (MW) | 0.6 | 1.5 |
Cut in wind speed (m/s) | 4 | 3 |
Cut out wind speed (m/s) | 22 | 24 |
Rated wind speed (m/s) | 14 | 15 |
Cumulative density distribution of voltage instability with critical power
Probability density of spectral radius with 380 MW wind power generation
4.3 Case 2
Cumulative density distribution of voltage instability for correlation κ = 0.162
Cumulative density distribution of voltage instability for correlation κ = 0.257
Average error indices of IEEE 24-node system in different correlation
Correlation coefficient | Average error |
---|---|
0.162 | 0.039 |
0.257 | 0.041 |
The results of numerical calculation show that wind farm correlation had a significant influence on system voltage stability. According to Figs. 5 and 6, the greater the correlation between the wind farms has, the more noticeable influence on system voltage stability. The simulation results of case 1 and case 2 shown that the system voltage may reached an instability state is underestimated without considering the correlation, that is underestimate the potential risks. From the simulation results, it also got that the proposed method can reflect accurately the system voltage stability as analyze the voltage stability uncertainty problems.
4.4 Case 3
The single-line diagram of the 36-node system
In this case, MC is simulated 4000 times to verify the accuracy and efficiency of SRSM. The system reference power is 100 MW and the 2-rank SRSM polynomial is used for calculation. In the simulation, the load of each node is again increased by the same proportion.
Cumulative density distribution of voltage instability for correlation κ = 0.280
Cumulative density distribution of voltage instability for correlation κ = 0.794
As can be seen from the Figs. 8 and 9, the larger the correlation between the wind farms has, the lower the voltage instability critical power is, and the probability of instability is greater under the same power condition. Under the condition of strong correlation, it is also indicated that more attention should be paid to the voltage instability problem.
5 Conclusions
This paper presents a method that establishes a dynamic system including node voltage to study power system voltages stability incorporating wind farm uncertainty. Rather than the eigenvalues of the Jacobi matrix, the criterion of power system voltage stability is given by the spectral radius of the composite matrix. In the study process, the correlation of wind farms is considered, such that the uncertainty of the wind farms and the analysis method are closer to actual systems. The proposed method which uses SRSM to study the uncertainty can provide power system operators with useful real-time estimation of the power system voltage stability with wind power integration. Compared to the traditional methods, e.g. the Monte Carlo method, the proposed one is more efficient.
The analysis and the simulation results also shown that the proposed method has a higher accuracy and has a good application prospect to actual system operation and stability analysis. The effect of the correlation between multiple distributed energy source on system voltage stability will be considered in future research.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by project of the Jiangsu Province University Natural Science Research Foundation (14KJB470003).
Authors’ contributions
ZM contributed to the study design and analysis and drafted the manuscript; HC worked on aspects of the study relating to wind farm correlation; YC was involved in data acquisition and revision of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Authors’ Affiliations
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