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Table 6 Profits of the DSO in the three case studies

From: Bi-level stackelberg game-based distribution system expansion planning model considering long-term renewable energy contracts

Cost and revenue of DSO (106$)

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Cost of substation investments

2.852

3.667

3.667

Cost of line investments

2.035

1.620

1.629

Cost of power loss

0.887

0.507

0.530

Cost of electricity purchased from external grid

8.735

8.775

8.752

Cost of electricity purchased from DGO

3.753

2.675

1.708

Cost of electricity purchased from LA

/

0.020

0.020

Revenue earned from selling electricity to LA

19.982

19.162

18.104

Revenue earned from network usage

/

/

0.006

Total cost

18.261

17.263

16.265

Total revenue

19.982

19.199

18.110

Net savings for DSO

1.721

1.936

1.845