An improved constraint-inference approach for causality exploration of power system transient stability

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 3 Refutation test results

Cause → Outcome	Estimated ACE	ACE under confounding factors	ACE under placebos
P_G\|0\|→ SI	− 2.47	− 2.47	− 0.003
T_f → SI	− 1.80	− 1.80	0.005
T_j → SI	1.43	1.43	− 0.007
δ_\|0\|→ SI	− 1.43	− 1.43	0.003
P_G\|0\|→ S_sys	− 0.72	− 0.72	0.001
T_f → S_sys	− 0.40	− 0.40	0.0006
T_j → S_sys	0.36	0.36	− 0.001