From: Single-ended protection method for hybrid HVDC transmission line based on transient voltage characteristic frequency band
Fault type
Fault resistance (Ω)
ΔE/104
Internal fault/50Â km
0.01
1012
100
420
300
144
500
71.7
External fault/0Â km
15.5
3.69
9.81
4.50
External A phase fault
0.030
0.002
0.001