From: Single-ended protection method for hybrid HVDC transmission line based on transient voltage characteristic frequency band
Fault type
Fault distance (km)
ΔE/105
Internal fault/0.01 Ω
50
102
100
101
200
47.8
300
17.0
400
28.7
500
12.4
600
11.6
700
10.4
800
6.80
External fault
0.01Ω
–
1.55
ABC Phase fault
0.006