Single-ended protection method for hybrid HVDC transmission line based on transient voltage characteristic frequency band

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 2 The frequency band energies of different fault types

	Fault type	E₅/10⁵	E₆/10⁴	E₇/10³	E₈/10⁴	E₉/10⁴	E₁₀/10³	E₁₁/10³	E₁₂/10³	E₁₃/10³	△E/10⁵
Internal	50 km/0.01 Ω	41.024	66.502	957.341	119.012	136.023	496.435	155.421	535.241	720.412	101.826
	50 km/500 Ω	2.613	2.052	151.214	1.073	10.824	72.262	56.424	34.709	1.971	7.1737
	800 km/0.01 Ω	6.832	7.972	378.346	12.243	15.641	155.364	269.542	26.324	21.424	18.927
	800 km/500 Ω	2.391	4.594	12.943	72.251	1.791	12.324	11.714	3.871	2.416	10.687
External	0.01 Ω	0.267	1.983	31.421	5.424	0.715	2.731	9.099	0.013	3.828	1.551
	500 Ω	0.084	0.007	0.227	0.223	0.011	0.033	0.021	0.010	0.048	0.112
	A phase fault to ground/0.01 Ω	0.005	0.031	0.011	0.007	0.002	0.006	0.001	0.002	0.010	0.009
	AB phase fault to ground/500 Ω	0.011	0.095	0.277	0.032	0.001	0.044	0.032	0.014	0.006	0.028
	ABC phase fault/0.01 Ω	0.032	0.035	0.171	0.149	0.009	0.415	0.218	0.208	0.339	0.065