Table 7 Classification of embedded sensors and their practical applications
From: Sensing as the key to the safety and sustainability of new energy storage devices
Embedded Sensors | Reference | Classification | Practical limitations |
|---|---|---|---|
Current sensor | [67] | Based on the second-order RC design | The current needs to be calibrated according to Ohm's law, and errors may occur in actual operation, which will affect the accuracy |
Voltage sensor | [73] | Three in one micro sensor | It has no effect on the performance of the battery, but the design is complicated and the operation technology is difficult |
Temperature Sensor | [36] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [83] [84] | Thermocouple NTC Thin film RTD FBG | In practical application, there may be potential impact on the long-term cycle life of the battery In practical applications, the size of the sensor and the design of the energy storage device are difficult to be compatible, which may affect the performance and long-term cycle life of the energy storage device In practical application, there are problems such as complex manufacturing process and difficult installation In practical applications, due to the relative fragility of optical fiber, other packaging measures such as corrosion resistance and ensuring the stability of optical fiber need to be considered |
Strain sensor | [85] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] | FBG FBG sensor with added optics SMF-FBG (FBG-FPI | In practical applications, since the two variables, temperature and strain, are intrinsically coupled together, a reasonable decoupling method needs to be designed In practical applications, the two variables of temperature and strain can be decoupled, but this will also lead to difficult design problems |