Table 4 Classification of non-embedded sensors and their practical applications
From: Sensing as the key to the safety and sustainability of new energy storage devices
Non-embedded Sensors | Reference | Classification | Practical limitations |
|---|---|---|---|
Current sensor | [28] [30] | Hall-effect current sensor Shunt resistor | It is easily interfered with by external magnetic field and has large error when measuring small current, so is not suitable for measuring small current In practical applications, additional isolation circuits are required, and the cost is high while additional energy consumption will also occur |
Voltage sensor | [35] | Smart battery monitoring chip | Integrated circuit is adopted with low power consumption and convenient layout, but it is difficult to design in practical application |
Temperature Sensor | [39] [40] [41] [46] [47] [48] [49] [63] | Thermocouple Thermistor RTD FBG | In practical applications, the cost is high, and it is troublesome to use and is not suitable for mass use The linearity in practical applications is poor, and it is not suitable for occasions requiring a large range of adjustment In practical application, there are problems such as slow response and difficult size design In practical application, because the optical fiber is relatively fragile, additional packaging measures are required |
Strain sensor | [51] [54] [55] [57] [62] | Strain gauge The weighing sensor Strain sensor based on magnetic field CNT FBG | Low accuracy in practical application Difficult spatial layout in practical application In practical application, the magnetic field can be easily disturbed which affects the measurement accuracy In practical application, it is difficult to operate, and the effect is poor when the strain is not obvious Additional cladding is required to ensure its good safety and stability in highly corrosive environments. At the same time, its long-term reliability is susceptible to bending and vibration |