Comparative framework for AC-microgrid protection schemes: challenges, solutions, real applications, and future trends

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 1 Principal features of this study against other review works

Reference	Year	Examined Protection challenges											Examined Protection schemes																		Real applications in actual MGs
Reference	Year	SCC	Imp.RR	Pr.Bl	Bi.PF	Sy.Tr	Sel. and Sen	LOM	AR. Def	Asy. Rec	LOC	Int. Tx	Ad.Pr	Diff. Pr	Dis. Pr	OC.Pr	V.Pr	WT-Pr	TW.Pr	ST.Pr	HH.Pr	HrC.Pr	ANN.Pr	FL-Pr	DT.Pr	SVM.Pr	MA.Pr	FCL	ESSs	IEDs	Real applications in actual MGs
[2]	2020	✓		✓		✓				✓			✓										✓	✓			✓		✓
[3]	2014	✓									✓		✓	✓	✓		✓
[6]	2021	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓					✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
[7]	2014	✓			✓								✓	✓	✓	✓	✓											✓	✓
[10]	2020	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓			✓	✓			✓		✓			✓	✓			✓	✓				✓
[14]	2021	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓		✓			✓	✓			✓	✓				✓	✓
[18]	2019	✓												✓	✓	✓	✓	✓				✓			✓			✓	✓
[28]	2015	✓				✓		✓			✓		✓											✓			✓	✓
[35]	2017	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓	✓	✓		✓						✓	✓				✓	✓	✓
[36]	2015	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓						✓		✓
[46]	2021	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓			✓	✓			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓				✓	✓	✓	✓
[58]	2014	✓			✓			✓					✓	✓	✓	✓	✓											✓	✓
[72]	2020	✓		✓		✓	✓	✓			✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓					✓	✓	✓				✓
[73]	2022	✓		✓		✓		✓	✓	✓			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓		✓				✓	✓
[86]	2021	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓					✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓			✓					✓	✓	✓
[94]	2016	✓		✓		✓			✓	✓			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
[107]	2017	✓			✓	✓		✓	✓		✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓										✓
This paper		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

In Table 1, SCC: Short circuit capacity, Imp.RR: Impedance relay reach, Pr.Bl: Protection blindness, Bi.PF: Bidirectional power flow, Sy.Tr: Sympathetic tripping, Sel. and Sen.: Selectivity and sensitivity, LOM: Loss of main (Islanding), AR. Def.: Deficiency of autoreclosers, Asy. Rec.: Asynchronous reclosing, LOC: Loss of coordination, Int. Tx.: Interface transformers, Ad.Pr.: Adaptive protection, Diff. Pr.: Differential protection, Dis. Pr.: Distance protection, OC.Pr.: Overcurrent-based protection, V.Pr.: Voltage-based protection, WT-Pr.: Wavelet-based schemes, TW.Pr.: Travelling wave-based schemes, ST.Pr.: S-transform-based schemes, HH.Pr.: Hilbert–Huang-based schemes, HrC.Pr.: Harmonic content-based schemes, ANN.Pr.: Artificial Neural Network-based schemes, FL-Pr.: Fuzzy logic-based schemes, DT.Pr.: Decision trees-based schemes, SVM.Pr.: Support vector machine-based schemes, MA.Pr.: Multiagent-based schemes, FCL: Fault current limiters, ESSs: Energy storage systems, and IEDs: Intelligent electronic devices