Table 5 Simulation results of boundary protection with different fault inception angles (Ag)
From: A fast boundary protection for an AC transmission line connected to an LCC-HVDC inverter station
Fault condition | Eh | Er | Eh Er | Discriminated result | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fault location | θ | R/Ω | ||||
lNf = 1 km | 90° | 0 | 9.6291e+ 10 | 9.3291e+ 09 | 8.9832e+ 20 | Internal |
300 | 8.9699e+ 09 | 1.2171e+ 08 | 1.0918e+ 18 | Internal | ||
45° | 0 | 4.9697e+ 10 | 8.6482e+ 09 | 4.2979e+ 20 | Internal | |
300 | 4.6459e+ 09 | 6.2445e+ 07 | 2.9011e+ 17 | Internal | ||
5° | 0 | 6.5556e+ 08 | 1.6960e+ 08 | 1.1118e+ 17 | Internal | |
300 | 6.0405e+ 07 | 2.5661e+ 06 | 1.5500e+ 14 | Internal | ||
lNf = 31.25 km | 90° | 0 | 7.5379e+ 10 | 8.0295e+ 08 | 6.0526e+ 19 | Internal |
300 | 1.0334e+ 10 | 2.4429e+ 08 | 2.5243e+ 18 | Internal | ||
45° | 0 | 3.6900e+ 10 | 4.1460e+ 08 | 1.5299e+ 19 | Internal | |
300 | 5.1037e+ 09 | 1.2447e+ 08 | 6.3526e+ 17 | Internal | ||
5° | 0 | 5.2071e+ 08 | 8.5259e+ 06 | 4.4395e+ 15 | Internal | |
300 | 7.1285e+ 07 | 2.3735e+ 06 | 1.6919e+ 14 | Internal | ||
lNf = 61.5 km | 90° | 0 | 3.8895e+ 10 | 4.9823e+ 08 | 1.9378e+ 19 | Internal |
300 | 1.0006e+ 10 | 8.0355e+ 05 | 8.0407e+ 15 | Internal | ||
45° | 0 | 1.9488e+ 10 | 3.0777e+ 08 | 5.9977e+ 18 | Internal | |
300 | 4.9731e+ 09 | 3.2226e+ 05 | 1.6026e+ 15 | Internal | ||
5° | 0 | 3.1253e+ 08 | 5.1877e+ 07 | 1.6213e+ 16 | Internal | |
300 | 8.0297e+ 07 | 4.5757e+ 04 | 3.6742e+ 12 | external | ||