Table 1 List of symbols used in Fig. 1
From: A novel complex current ratio-based technique for transmission line protection
Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
ĨM and ĨN | Measured phasor currents at bus M and N |
\( {\overset{\sim }{E}}_M \) and \( {\overset{\sim }{E}}_N \) | Equivalent source voltages at bus M and N |
Zl | Total positive-sequence line impedance (Ω) |
Zm and Zn | Equivalent source impedances (Ω) at bus M and N |
RF | Fault resistance (Ω) |
δ | Power angle between \( {\overset{\sim }{E}}_M \) and \( {\overset{\sim }{E}}_N \) |
d | Fault distance from bus M to fault point (pu) |
\( {\overset{\sim }{I}}_{Sum} \) | Phasor summation of the two-end currents measured at bus M and N. |
F1 and F2 | Represents internal and external faults of protecting zone (line M-N). |
GPS | Global Positioning System |
R | Relay |
CB | Circuit Breaker |