A fast time-frequency response based differential spectral energy protection of AC microgrids including fault location

Dharmapandit, O.; Patnaik, R. K.; Dash, P. K.

doi:10.1186/s41601-017-0062-0

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 6 Comparison for the estimated fault distance (km) and percentage error in fault location (%) for a single line to ground fault (a-g), with a fault resistance (R _f) = 0.1Ω at different fault locations (2 km to 18 km i.e., FDR varied from 0.1 to 0.9 p.u., respectively), on the distribution line DL _AB in the micro grid operating under grid connected mode, subjected to various levels of DG penetrations

From: A fast time-frequency response based differential spectral energy protection of AC microgrids including fault location

l. No.	Fault Type	Fault Resistance (in Ω)	Fault Distance Ratio (0–1) [×100 in %]	Faulted Distribution Line	Total line Distance (in km)	Actual Fault Distance (km)	DG status	Conventional DFT Technique		Proposed TFR technique
l. No.	Fault Type	Fault Resistance (in Ω)	Fault Distance Ratio (0–1) [×100 in %]	Faulted Distribution Line	Total line Distance (in km)	Actual Fault Distance (km)	DG status	Estimate (km)	Percentage Error in Fault Location (in %)	Estimate (km)	Percentage Error in Fault Location (in %)
1	a-g	0.1	0.1	DL _AB	20	2	DG 1 2 3 4 on	2.0681	0.3412	2.0112	0.0622
2			0.2	L_AB	20	4		4.0944	0.4731	4.0226	0.1121
3			0.3	L_AB	20	6		6.1261	0.6353	6.0400	0.2024
4			0.4	L_AB	20	8		8.1639	0.8254	8.0640	0.3243
5			0.5	L_AB	20	10		10.208	1.0412	10.095	0.4863
6			0.6	L_AB	20	12		12.2614	1.3114	12.1360	0.6826
7			0.7	L_AB	20	14		14.3241	1.6262	14.1866	0.9376
8			0.8	L_AB	20	16		16.3989	1.9959	16.2495	1.2522
9			0.9	L_AB	20	18		18.4888	2.4421	18.3258	1.6334
10			0.1	L_AB	20	2	DG 1 2 3 on DG 4 off	2.0436	0.2180	1.9892	0.0542
11			0.2	L_AB	20	4		4.0479	0.2395	3.9785	0.1076
12			0.3	L_AB	20	6		6.0527	0.2633	5.9681	0.1594
13			0.4	L_AB	20	8		8.0580	0.2902	7.9581	0.2097
14			0.5	L_AB	20	10		10.0640	0.3198	9.9485	0.2577
15			0.6	L_AB	20	12		12.0705	0.3525	11.9393	0.3034
16			0.7	L_AB	20	14		14.0777	0.3886	13.9305	0.3475
17			0.8	L_AB	20	16		16.0857	0.4283	15.9221	0.3897
18			0.9	L_AB	20	18		18.0944	0.4721	17.9140	0.4300
19			0.1	L_AB	20	2	DG 1 2 on DG 3 4 off	2.0283	0.1415	2.0004	0.0018
20			0.2	L_AB	20	4		4.0364	0.1820	4.0033	0.0167
21			0.3	L_AB	20	6		6.0458	0.2289	6.0083	0.0413
22			0.4	L_AB	20	8		8.0557	0.2786	8.0143	0.0717
23			0.5	L_AB	20	10		10.0660	0.3302	10.0212	0.1059
24			0.6	L_AB	20	12		12.0766	0.3830	12.0285	0.1425
25			0.7	L_AB	20	14		14.0873	0.4365	14.0362	0.1809
26			0.8	L_AB	20	16		16.0985	0.4923	16.0445	0.2225
27			0.9	L_AB	20	18		18.1110	0.5551	18.0546	0.2730
10			0.1	L_AB	20	2	DG 1 on DG 2 3 4 off	2.0506	0.2531	1.9950	0.0248
11			0.2	L_AB	20	4		4.0600	0.3001	3.9884	0.0582
12			0.3	L_AB	20	6		6.0694	0.3470	5.9816	0.0922
13			0.4	L_AB	20	8		8.0793	0.3963	7.9756	0.1221
14			0.5	L_AB	20	10		10.0903	0.4514	9.9710	0.1450
15			0.6	L_AB	20	12		12.1030	0.5150	11.9684	0.1579
16			0.7	L_AB	20	14		14.1183	0.5917	13.9685	0.1576
17			0.8	L_AB	20	16		16.1370	0.6850	15.9718	0.1411
18			0.9	L_AB	20	18		18.1584	0.7922	17.9770	0.1150
19			0.1	L_AB	20	2	DG 1 2 3 4 off	2.0226	0.1130	2.0045	0.0227
20			0.2	L_AB	20	4		4.0309	0.1545	4.0145	0.0723
21			0.3	L_AB	20	6		6.0371	0.1853	6.0231	0.1154
22			0.4	L_AB	20	8		8.0397	0.1983	8.0286	0.1431
23			0.5	L_AB	20	10		10.0379	0.1893	10.0300	0.1499
24			0.6	L_AB	20	12		12.0310	0.1548	12.0266	0.1328
25			0.7	L_AB	20	14		14.0184	0.0922	14.0174	0.0871
26			0.8	L_AB	20	16		16.0019	0.0094	15.9995	0.0025
27			0.9	L_AB	20	18		17.9733	0.1335	17.9787	0.1065

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