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Table 2 Effect of variation of penetration level of the DG’s on the magnitude of fault current (differential and average) at distribution Line DL AB for a triple line to ground fault (abc-g) fault on at fault distance ratio (FDR) = 0.6 and fault resistance (R f ) = 20 Ω, respectively, where the microgrid is operated in grid connected mode

From: A fast time-frequency response based differential spectral energy protection of AC microgrids including fault location

DG Status

Phase

max (I Differential)

(in A)

max (I Average)

(in A)

Half cycle

Before Fault

Half cycle

After Fault

Half cycle

Before Fault

Half cycle

After Fault

All DGs ON

a

0.7879

2181.7049

188.4454

151.6977

b

0.9295

2359.4328

107.5856

151.6977

c

1.0478

1751.8088

136.7386

151.6977

DG1 Off

a

0.8203

2033.7771

166.0091

307.9775

b

0.7245

1890.6872

126.1311

307.9775

c

0.6321

604.9933

254.0886

307.9775

DG1and

DG2 Off

a

0.7954

1313.1837

235.6975

218.5847

b

0.7957

2083.7611

235.3725

218.5847

c

0.7951

1575.1316

235.4878

218.5847

DG1

DG2 and

DG3 Off

a

0.6325

915.9152

287.6661

286.0211

b

0.6325

1490.3402

287.4704

286.0211

c

0.6328

1185.5886

287.2721

286.0211

All DGs OFF

a

0.4747

680.1778

320.6070

320.6017

b

0.4750

938.8942

320.8858

320.6017

c

0.4748

757.9855

320.8421

320.6017