Fig. 6

a The response of the fault location algorithm on the microgrid operating in the grid connected mode, which is subjected to a single line to ground fault (a-g) on distribution line DLAB (with FDR 0.6, and Rf = 10 Ω), where, (a) 3-phase voltage signals at the relay RAB, (b) 3-phase current signals at the relay RAB, (c) Resistance seen by the relay RAB through the proposed TFR technique in phase ‘a’, (d) Reactance seen by the relay RAB through the proposed TFR technique in phase ‘a’,, and (e) R-X trajectory, respectively. b The response of the fault location algorithm on the microgrid operating in the islanded mode, which is subjected to a single line to ground fault (a-g) on distribution line DLAB (with FDR 0.6, and Rf = 10 Ω), where, (a) 3-phase voltage signals at the relay RAB, (b) 3-phase current signals at the relay RAB, (c) Resistance seen by the relay RAB through the proposed TFR technique in phase ‘a’, (d) Reactance seen by the relay RAB through the proposed TFR technique in phase ‘a’,, and (e) R-X trajectory, respectively. c The response of the fault location algorithm on the microgrid operating in the grid connected mode, which is subjected to a three phase to ground fault (abc-g) on distribution line DLAB (with FDR 0.8, and Rf = 10 Ω), where, (a) 3-phase voltage signals at the relay RAB, (b) 3-phase current signals at the relay RAB, (c) Resistance seen by the relay RAB through the proposed TFR technique in phase ‘a’, (d) Reactance seen by the relay RAB through the proposed TFR technique in phase ‘a’,, and (e) R-X trajectory, respectively