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Table 5 Summarization of solutions techniques for practical SSI events

From: Review of sub-synchronous interaction in wind integrated power systems: classification, challenges, and mitigation techniques

Sub-synchronous resonance incidents

Mitigation solution

Mohave, California, USA (1970)

Navajo, USA (1976)

Cholla, USA (1978)

Shangdu, China

(2011)

Reduce the degree of series compensation

© ® $

© ® $

© ® $

© $

Improve grid strength

© $

© $

© $

© $

Bypassing series capacitor

® © $

® © $

® ©$

® © $

Damping control by FACTS devices

® * $

® * $

® * $

® * $

Shunt-VSC

® ©$

® ©$

® ©$

® ©$

PV Solar based damping

x

x

x

*

Sub-Synchronous Control Torsional Interaction incidents

Mitigation Solution

Square Butte, USA(1980)

Ontario, USA(1983)

Chester, USA(1987)

Hami, Xingjiang, China (2015)

Damping controls via HVDC

© $ ®

© ® $

© ® $

© ® $

Industrial Sub-harmonic Relay

* ®

® *

® *

Sub-Synchronous Converter Control Interaction incidents

Mitigation Solution

Minnesota, USA (2007)

ERCOT, Texas, USA (2009)

ERCOT, Texas, USA (2011)

Guyuan, Hebei, China (2012)

Guyuan, Hebei, China (2016)

ERCOT, Texas, USA (2017)

Hornsea UK (2019)

Scottish wind farm (2021)

Installing a heterogeneous wind power plant

* $ ©

* $ ©

* $ ©

* $ ©

* $ ©

* $ ©

* $ ©

* $ ©

(on/off) switching of WPP

© ® $

© ® $

© ® $

© ® $

© ® $

©® $

© ® $

©® $

Regulating control parameters of WTC

© $

© $

© $

© $

© $

© $

© $

© $

Virtual synchronous generator control

$

$

$

$

$

SDC with GSC

© ® $

© ® $

© ® $

© ® $

© ® $

© ® $

© ® $

© ® $

SDC with RSC

© $

© $

x

© $

© $

© $

x

© $

SDC at both RSC and GSC

* $

* $

x

* $

* $

* $

x

* $

  1. -Applicable, x-Not applicable, ©-Cost effective, ®-Reliability
  2. *-Complex, ??-under research investigation, $-Good speed Response