Sub-synchronous resonance incidents | |||||||||||||
Mitigation solution | Mohave, California, USA (1970) | Navajo, USA (1976) | Cholla, USA (1978) | Shangdu, China (2011) | |||||||||
Reduce the degree of series compensation | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © $ | |||||||||
Improve grid strength | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | |||||||||
Bypassing series capacitor | ✓ ® © $ | ✓ ® © $ | ✓ ® ©$ | ✓ ® © $ | |||||||||
Damping control by FACTS devices | ✓ ® * $ | ✓ ® * $ | ✓ ® * $ | ✓ ® * $ | |||||||||
Shunt-VSC | ✓ ® ©$ | ✓ ® ©$ | ✓ ® ©$ | ✓ ® ©$ | |||||||||
PV Solar based damping | x | x | x | ✓ * | |||||||||
Sub-Synchronous Control Torsional Interaction incidents | |||||||||||||
Mitigation Solution | Square Butte, USA(1980) | Ontario, USA(1983) | Chester, USA(1987) | Hami, Xingjiang, China (2015) | |||||||||
Damping controls via HVDC | ✓ © $ ® | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | |||||||||
Industrial Sub-harmonic Relay | ✓ * ® | ✓ ® * | ✓ ® * | ⁇ | |||||||||
Sub-Synchronous Converter Control Interaction incidents | |||||||||||||
Mitigation Solution | Minnesota, USA (2007) | ERCOT, Texas, USA (2009) | ERCOT, Texas, USA (2011) | Guyuan, Hebei, China (2012) | Guyuan, Hebei, China (2016) | ERCOT, Texas, USA (2017) | Hornsea UK (2019) | Scottish wind farm (2021) | |||||
Installing a heterogeneous wind power plant | ✓ * $ © | ✓ * $ © | ✓ * $ © | ✓ * $ © | ✓ * $ © | ✓ * $ © | ✓ * $ © | ✓ * $ © | |||||
(on/off) switching of WPP | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ ©® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ ©® $ | |||||
Regulating control parameters of WTC | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | |||||
Virtual synchronous generator control | ✓ $ | ✓ $ | ⁇ | ✓ $ | ✓ $ | ✓ $ | ⁇ | ⁇ | |||||
SDC with GSC | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | ✓ © ® $ | |||||
SDC with RSC | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | x | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | ✓ © $ | x | ✓ © $ | |||||
SDC at both RSC and GSC | ✓ * $ | ✓ * $ | x | ✓ * $ | ✓ * $ | ✓ * $ | x | ✓ * $ |