Review of sub-synchronous interaction in wind integrated power systems: classification, challenges, and mitigation techniques

Verma, Neevatika; Kumar, Narendra; Gupta, Saket; Malik, Hasmat; García Márquez, Fausto Pedro

doi:10.1186/s41601-023-00291-0

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 4 Summarization of solutions techniques and challenges for SSI mitigation

From: Review of sub-synchronous interaction in wind integrated power systems: classification, challenges, and mitigation techniques

Proposed classification	Mitigation techniques	Advantages	Challenges	Applicable for
Proposed classification	Mitigation techniques	Advantages	Challenges	Generation side	Network side
SSR	Reduce the degree of series compensation [22, 79]	Not required any expensive damping methods	Only appropriate for the designing stage The risk of SSCCI may rise		✓
SSR	Improve grid strength [80, 89, 98]	Not required expensive damping methods	Only appropriate for the designing stage The risk of SSCCI may rise		✓
SSCCI	Installing heterogeneous wind power plant [16, 81, 82]	Wind plant more stable Invulnerable to SSCCI	Complications in modeling and studies cannot be accumulated to signify the entire wind farm Risk of SSCCI	✓
SSR	Bypassing series capacitor [30]	Inexpensive efficiently executed to practical system	It can itself cause the sub-synchronous phenomenon Loss of power		✓
SSCCI	(on/off) switching of WPP [18, 74]	Total protection	Require advance equipment for detection Loss of power	✓
SSR	Damping control by FACTS devices[55, 56, 84,85,86]	Flexible and robust for a wide range of operation Effectively mitigate SSI	Expensive VSC based FACTS devices can also trigger SSCCI event		✓
SSTCI	Damping controls via HVDC [89,90,91]	Easily added SSDC to HVDC	VSC based HVDC can trigger SSCCI event		✓
SSTCI	Industrial sub-harmonic relay	Detect the time varying oscillations	Source of Error Expensive		✓
SSR	Shunt-VSC[75, 92]	Inexpensive efficiently executed to practical system	Only devoted for SSI damping, not for other tasks		✓
SSCCI	Regulating control parameters of WTC[79, 83, 94, 95]	Not required any expensive equipment	The control parameters of the WTC are not easily accessible Various manufacturers may have different WTC controls Individually adjusting each WG of a wind farm is impractical and uneconomical		✓
SSCCI	Virtual synchronous generator control[94, 95]	Stabilize Sub-synchronous oscillation along with providing inertia	Expensive Technology is not mature	✓
SSR	PV Solar based damping [75, 96, 97]	Controllability of both active and reactive power	Expensive An SSCI event can be participated by VSC-based converters		✓
SSCCI	SDC with GSC [20, 22, 82, 98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105]	Assemble in converter controller Inexpensive solution Reactive power control capability can be utilized for damping Effective SSI mitigation	Low rated Control capability is less for damping SSI It required greater damping control At low wind speed and a high degree of compensation, voltage control capability would be restricted Require cautious tuning parameter	✓
SSCCI	SDC with RSC [104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115]	Assemble in converter controller High rating as compared to GSC controller; Control capability is more than the GSC Active and reactive power are directly control Effective mitigation at high compensation It required lesser effort for damping control The controllability index is high for rotor voltage control during SSI RSC controller directly affects the rotor resistances	It might be destabilized in another mode Require extra work and care for tuning It can destabilize the Sub-synchronous mode due to the high gain of the RSC controller Due to increased current control, gain reduces aggregate equivalent resistance It deteriorates the control bandwidth of DFIG and does not meet the FRT requirement	✓
SSCCI	SDC at both RSC and GSC [104, 116]	Improve FRT capability along with other parameters Increases control capability	Complex approaches Saturation of converter	✓

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