Review of sub-synchronous interaction in wind integrated power systems: classification, challenges, and mitigation techniques

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 2 Comparison analysis of proposed classifications and historical events due to SSI

Type of proposed SSI phenomenon	Triggering Factor	Characteristics	Practical Incidents
Type of proposed SSI phenomenon	Triggering Factor	Characteristics	Location	Year	Severity
SSR	Realistic level of series compensation in a transmission line	Weak damping caused by negative rotor apparent resistance Interaction between shaft system and series capacitor	Mohave, California, USA [15, 61]	1970	Failure
			Navajo, USA [31]	1976	Test
			Cholla, USA [97]	1978	Test
			Shangdu, China [34, 75, 98]	2011	Test
SSTCI	Rectifier side of the HVDC system Inappropriate parameter tuning of power conveters	Fast control action of devices causes variable torsional frequency Interaction between shaft system and power converters/fast control devices	Square Butte, USA [92, 93]	1980	Test
			Ontario, USA [56]	1983	Test
			Chester, USA [87, 94]	1987	Test
			Hami, Xingjiang, China [22, 88, 99]	2015	Failure
SSCCI	Level of series compensation Weak AC system without involving of series compensation Power electronics devices with inappropriate parameter tuning	Wide-ranging transformation between a system with several sources and multiple terminals Variable resonance frequency Adverse impacts on the other existing stable modes in the system Interaction between power converters/fast control devices and a series compensated line	Minnesota, US [29, 45]	2007	Failure
			ERCOT, Texas, USA [19, 77,78,79,80]	2009	Failure
			Guyuan, Hebei, China [27, 81]	2012	Failure
			ERCOT, Texas, USA [83]	2017	Test
			Hornsea U.K [84]	2019	Failure
			Scottish wind farm [41]	2021	Test