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Table 5 Comparison of CDP and proposed protection algorithm

From: Current trajectory image-based protection algorithm for transmission lines connected to MMC-HVDC stations using CA-CNN

Case number

Conditions

CDP

Proposed algorithm

Case 1

Internal fault

Fault type: AG

Rf: 100Ω

Fault location: 50%

Figure 13a

 × 

Figure 14a

√

Case 2

Internal fault

Fault type: AB

Rf: 50Ω

Fault location: 10%

Figure 13b

 × 

Figure 14b

√

Case 3

External fault with CT saturation

Fault type: ABC

Rf: 5Ω

Figure 13c

 × 

Figure 14c

√

Case 4

External fault with outliers

Fault type: ABG

Rf: 15Ω

Figure 13d

 × 

Figure 14d

√

Case 5

External fault

Fault type: AG

Rf: 20Ω

Figure 13e

√

Figure 14e

√