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Table 7 Optimum controller gains and parameters for ± 25% change in system loading, ± 25% change in Ci, Tf and Tcd of gas generating unit

From: Cascade controller based modeling of a four area thermal: gas AGC system with dependency of wind turbine generator and PEVs under restructured environment

Controller gains

Change in loading

Change in Ci, Tf, Tcd

 + 25%

-25%

 + 25%

-25%

Area 1 (outer loop)

 KP1*

0.7663

0.8307

0.8307

0.8307

 KI1*

0.6251

0.3890

0.3890

0.3890

 KDD1*

0.7534

0.6608

0.6608

0.6608

 N1*

22.712

38.553

38.553

38.553

Area 2 (outer loop)

 KP2*

0.7773

0.7527

0.7527

0.7527

 KI2*

0.4638

0.4785

0.4785

0.4785

 KDD2*

0.4717

0.7170

0.7170

0.7170

 N2*

63.520

66.123

66.123

66.123

Area 3 (outer loop)

 KP3*

0.6973

0.3814

0.9062

0.9062

 KI3*

0.7261

0.0417

0.5675

0.5675

 KDD3*

0.2006

0.3066

0.3066

0.3066

 N3*

22.772

28.198

28.198

28.198

Area 4 (outer loop)

 KP4*

0.7137

0.6058

0.6058

0.6058

 KI4*

0.5524

0.6665

0.6665

0.6665

 KDD4*

0.5118

0.4177

0.4177

0.4177

 N4*

67.206

65.323

65.323

65.323

Area 1 (inner)

 KPP1*

0.5943

0.3060

0.3060

0.3060

 KII1*

0.6099

0.7001

0.7001

0.7001

Area 2 (inner)

 KPP2*

0.7336

0.4105

0.4105

0.4105

 KII2*

0.2560

0.1446

0.1446

0.1446

Area 3 (inner)

 KPP3*

0.5301

0.3814

0.3814

0.3814

 KII3*

0.1369

0.0417

0.0417

0.0417

Area 4 (inner)

 KPP4*

0.5956

0.6718

0.6718

0.6718

 KII4*

0.8499

0.9417

0.9417

0.9417

  1. * represents optimum values for the PIDD - PI controller using Harris Hawk Algorithm