Cascade controller based modeling of a four area thermal: gas AGC system with dependency of wind turbine generator and PEVs under restructured environment

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 6 Optimum regulator parameters during higher SLP of 6% and 10% and communication delays of \({{\tau (t)}}\) = 50 ms,100 ms and 300 ms

Controller gains	SLP = 6%	SLP = 10%	τ = 50 ms	τ = 100 ms	τ = 300 ms
Area 1 (outer loop)
K_P1*	0.8452	0.7872	0.9830	0.8441	0.8119
K_I1*	0.0017	0.0017	0.1213	0.3207	0.3930
K_DD1*	0.3336	0.4254	0.5738	0.3280	0.4732
N₁*	36.992	36.599	37.238	46.425	38.192
Area 2 (outer loop)
K_P2*	0.7319	0.6660	0.7410	0.7344	0.2809
K_I2*	0.3551	0.5742	0.6566	0.3935	0.6627
K_DD2*	0.7061	0.7164	0.8252	0.5692	0.3092
N₂*	84.231	74.512	59.928	64.992	64.008
Area 3 (outer loop)
K_P3*	0.8638	0.6529	0.8250	0.8393	0.5074
K_I3*	0.4244	0.5057	0.6788	0.3654	0.5130
K_DD3*	0.3628	0.4420	0.4615	0.3021	0.4159
N₃*	24.947	25.698	24.678	39.848	39.865
Area 4 (outer loop)
K_P4*	0.5351	0.4315	0.7050	0.5928	0.4789
K_I4*	0.5351	0.6878	0.8943	0.8216	0.4489
K_DD4*	0.5351	0.4284	0.4855	0.4489	0.5320
N₄*	48.197	55.696	58.974	48.131	72.664
Area 1 (inner)
K_PP1*	0.4356	0.4209	0.3920	0.5617	0.4536
K_II1*	0.5340	0.5432	0.6711	0.5418	0.4410
Area 2 (inner)
K_PP2*	0.3746	0.5558	0.4272	0.4344	0.5063
K_II2*	0.4224	0.5496	0.2887	0.5086	0.1108
Area 3 (inner)
K_PP3*	0.3347	0.3291	0.3263	0.3245	0.2439
K_II3*	0.1835	0.0889	0.1026	0.1325	0.0712
Area 4 (inner)
K_PP4*	0.7406	0.6643	0.6773	0.6060	0.5120
K_II4*	0.5841	0.4491	0.7002	0.6278	0.5559

* represents optimum values for the PIDD - PI controller using Harris Hawk Algorithm