Cascade controller based modeling of a four area thermal: gas AGC system with dependency of wind turbine generator and PEVs under restructured environment

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 5 Optimum controller gains with contract violation of 2% and reduced inertia of 20%, 40% and 60%

Controller gains	20% reduction		40% reduction		60% reduction
Controller gains	wEV	WoEV	Wev	woEV	wEV	woEV
Area 1 (outer loop)
K_P1*	0.866	0.853	0.882	0.933	0.932	0.889
K_I1*	0.504	0.002	0.129	0.002	0.191	0.001
K_DD1*	0.220	0.485	0.501	0.470	0.658	0.551
N₁*	20.14	41.30	35.81	31.29	43.89	26.87
Area 2 (outer loop)
K_P2*	0.603	0.626	0.675	0.547	0.655	0.677
K_I2*	0.594	0.447	0.623	0.626	0.611	0.653
K_DD2*	0.524	0.582	0.648	0.625	0.592	0.666
N₂*	47.82	72.01	61.69	59.09	66.80	60.65
Area 3 (outer loop)
K_P3*	0.890	0.858	0.731	0.772	0.700	0.724
K_I3*	0.390	0.465	0.533	0.575	0.570	0.679
K_DD3*	0.282	0.284	0.246	0.310	0.279	0.396
N₃*	34.01	23.86	37.96	26.26	34.05	22.94
Area 4 (outer loop)
K_P4*	0.560	0.458	0.383	0.499	0.369	0.504
K_I4*	0.574	0.604	0.662	0.640	0.757	0.665
K_DD4*	0.312	0.380	0.256	0.483	0.390	0.426
N₄*	69.08	48.11	54.04	61.24	39.03	67.96
Area 1 (inner)
K_PP1^*`	0.749	0.306	0.614	0.449	0.754	0.412
K_II1*	0.582	0.561	0.541	0.515	0.503	0.528
Area 2 (inner)
K_PP2*	0.628	0.442	0.582	0.464	0.658	0.440
K_II2*	0.570	0.498	0.707	0.482	0.570	0.552
Area 3 (inner)
K_PP3*	0.414	0.371	0.530	0.461	0.488	0.418
K_II3*	0.395	0.347	0.210	0.239	0.095	0.211
Area 4 (inner)
K_PP4*	0.739	0.680	0.789	0.637	0.710	0.648
K_II4*	0.614	0.368	0.647	0.395	0.656	0.537