From: Design of a 2-DOF-PID controller using an improved sine–cosine algorithm for load frequency control of a three-area system with nonlinearities
ISCA
SCA
ALO
SSA
PSO
Mean ± Std. Dev of Fitness Value
0.0231175 ± 0.008800165
0.031108 ± 0.012946
0.041118 ± 0.016742
0.068661 ± 0.018436
0.116889 ± 0.017588
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
–