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Table 5 Comparison of fitness values and WRST results of the three-area system with SLD of 2% in area-1 and area-2 using Different Optimization Techniques (Values in bold show best value)

From: Design of a 2-DOF-PID controller using an improved sine–cosine algorithm for load frequency control of a three-area system with nonlinearities

 

ISCA

SCA

ALO

SSA

PSO

Mean ± Std. Dev of Fitness Value

0.0231175 ± 0.008800165

0.031108 ± 0.012946

0.041118 ± 0.016742

0.068661 ± 0.018436

0.116889 ± 0.017588

Wilcoxon signed-rank test