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Table 2 Wilcoxon signed-rank test results on unimodal and multi-model functions indicating the inferior (-), superior ( +), or equivalent (≈), method in comparison to the proposed method

From: Design of a 2-DOF-PID controller using an improved sine–cosine algorithm for load frequency control of a three-area system with nonlinearities

Function

SCA

ALO

SSA

PSO

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

+

+

F7

F8

+

+

+

F9

+

F10

F11

F12

+

F13

+

+