Table 10 Performance parameters of LFC with ISCA, SSA, ALO, SCA and PSO in the case of SLD of 2% in area-1 of the four-area system
Algorithm | \(\Delta F_{1}\) | \(\Delta F_{2}\) | \(\Delta F_{3}\) | \(\Delta F_{4}\) | \(\Delta P_{12}\) | \(\Delta P_{13}\) | \(\Delta P_{14}\) | \(\Delta P_{23}\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISCA | ||||||||
Settling time | 2.970 | 17.849 | 15.691 | 12.691 | 22.791 | 14.912 | 16.803 | 20.652 |
Max. deviation | − 0.00669 | − 0.00021 | − 0.00058 | − 0.00022 | − 0.00121 | 0.00038 | 0.00044 | 0.00038 |
SCA | ||||||||
Settling time | 4.0291 | 20.9288 | 17.460 | 15.8243 | 16.5011 | 15.3838 | 17.5558 | 21.2028 |
Max. deviation | − 0.01177 | − 0.00161 | − 0.00081 | − 0.00199 | − 0.00339 | 0.00126 | 0.00118 | 0.00097 |
ALO | ||||||||
Settling time | 6.0434 | 22.342 | 16.762 | 19.234 | 15.501 | 15.420 | 17.6839 | 21.6339 |
Max. deviation | − 0.01522 | − 0.00140 | − 0.00099 | − 0.00172 | − 0.0.003 | 0.01275 | 0.00125 | 0.00101 |
SSA | ||||||||
Settling time | 6.0534 | 12.5877 | 16.893 | 15.8216 | 15.936 | 15.963 | 18.4623 | 22.017 |
Max. deviation | − 0.01013 | − 0.00082 | − 0.00238 | − 0.00097 | − 0.00232 | 0.00070 | 0.00089 | 0.00087 |
PSO | ||||||||
Settling time | 6.0644 | 8.9364 | 17.4604 | 154,219 | 14.691 | 16.721 | 19.3793 | 22.3421 |
Max. deviation | − 0.01702 | − 0.00251 | − 0.00052 | − 0.00318 | − 0.00444 | 0.00166 | 0.00155 | 0.00122 |