Table 9 Adaptive protection schemes and modification of traditional protection
From: Transmission line protection challenges influenced by inverter-based resources: a review
References | Protection function to be improve | Proposed protection scheme | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|
[62] | Distance | Combination of voltage drop and a new directional element and is communication assisted | Fast operation and reliable | Communication wire is required, more costly |
[39] | Distance | Modification in the POTT tele-protection scheme | Easy implementation, fast operation and reliable | Requires a channel of communication, more costly |
[33] | Distance | Use time delay and zero-sequence | Avoid using negative-sequence | Drag zero-sequence problems |
[40] | Distance | Use differential protection | Fast operation | More costly, no back-up protection |
[41] | Distance | Resets distance parameters based on Zbus | This method may be safe | No adaptive in nature |
[63] | Distance | Adaptive coefficient and equivalent sequence impedance | Adaptive in nature | Logic circuit is more complicated due to complex calculation |
[64] | Distance | Adaptive scheme using voltage and current information | Adaptive in nature | Complex calculation |
[51] | Distance | Use zero-sequence from transformer | Avoid using negative-sequence | Drag zero-sequence problems |
[43] | Distance | Adaptive scheme based on the measurement information on common connection points | Adaptive in nature | Implementation of logic circuit is more complicated |
[45] | Distance | A new transmission line pilot protection scheme based on the accurate distributed line model | Easy implementation and fast operation | Communication wire is required, more costly |
[68] | Distance, differential | Use of a modified differential protection scheme | Fast operation | More costly, no back-up protection |
[53] | Differential, phase selection | Use auxiliary undervoltage components. Use zero-sequence | Avoid using negative-sequence | Drag zero-sequence problems |
[55] | Directional element | Line angle modification in positive-sequence | Adaptive in nature and it may be safe | Complex calculation |
[67] | Phase selection | Use the weighting of different parameters (V, I, ΔV, ΔI, Z, etc.) | Easy implementation and adaptive in nature | Complete study is required |
[65] | Directional element, phase selector | Based on voltage (Undervoltage) | Easy implementation | It is not entirely safe because it only relies on tension |
[66] | Directional element | Based on reactive power flow | Easy implementation | It is not entirely safe because it only relies on reactive power, no adaptive in nature |