Skip to main content

Table 5 Influence of variables on principal functions and element protection

From: Transmission line protection challenges influenced by inverter-based resources: a review

Protection function

Magnitude

Angular offset between

Shift angle of each phase

Magnitude and angle

Percentage of usage

I1

V1

Z1

I2

V2

I0

V0

(I1,V1)

(I2,V2)

(I0,V0)

(I2,V0)

(IABC,VABC)

(IL,VR)

%

(a)

âś“

âś“

âś“

  

âś“

âś“

âś“

 

âś“

 

âś“

âś“

69.2

(b)

âś“

           

âś“

15.3

(c)

âś“

âś“

 

âś“

âś“

âś“

âś“

 

âś“

âś“

 

âś“

 

69.2

(d)

âś“

  

âś“

 

âś“

    

âś“

âś“

 

38.4

(e)

   

âś“

âś“

   

âś“

 

âś“

  

30.7

(f)

âś“

  

âś“

 

âś“

       

23.0

  1. (a) Distance protection (21)—impedance calculation and fault detector threshold
  2. (b) Differential protection (87)
  3. (c) Directional element protection (32)
  4. (d) Fault-type identification logic, phase selection logic (FIDS)
  5. (e) Negative-sequence protection
  6. (f) Overcurrent protection