Table 1 Operating characteristics of IBRs
From: Transmission line protection challenges influenced by inverter-based resources: a review
IBR components | Operation steady-state | Fault response |
|---|---|---|
Control system | Limited current amplitude Controlled phase-angle current | Controlled fault current duration (response time) Limited fault current amplitude Affected by FRT configuration type (GC) Controlled phase-angle current |
Structure | A small amount of negative-sequence No presence of zero-sequence quantities | Fast transient depends on the capacitive filter (LCL) and Cd Unstable internal impedance A small amount of negative-sequence No presence of zero-sequence quantities |