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Table 4 DC faults detection using second-order differential derivative current

From: A new protection scheme for PV-wind based DC-ring microgrid by using modified multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis

DC faults detection with d2 I3/dt2

DC faults detection with SMW-PCC

Type of fault

Under Rf = 0.5 Ω

Under Fd = 40%

Under Rf = 2.0 Ω

Under Fd = 40%

Time (ms)

Fault peak Magnitude

Time (ms)

Fault peak Magnitude

Time (ms)

Fault peak Magnitude

Time (ms)

Fault peak Magnitude

P-P

0.48

1.675E+06

2.41

1.159E+06

5.73

− 0.025

4.4

0.6875

P-P-G

0.51

4.718E+05

5.2

2.870E+05

4.1

0.3214

3.5

0.7862

N-P-G

0.89

4.721E+04

7.4

6.255E+03

8.7

0.3214

5.6

0.8411

Series arc

1.4

1.045E+03

8.41

7.095E+02

7.2

0.832

7.2

0.8973

Shunt arc

1.81

4.136E+02

9.2

2.305E+02

10.4

0.7894

8.7

0.9179