Table 12 Series arc fault distance estimation using FF-RLS algorithm

Series arc fault

Fault resistance R_f = 0.5 Ω

Fault resistance R_f = 1 Ω

Fault resistance R_f = 1.5 Ω

Fault resistance R_f = 2 Ω

Actual fault distance \(\left( {d_{afd} } \right)\)

Estimated fault distance \(\left( {d_{efd} } \right)\)

Relative error \(\left( {\% \varepsilon } \right)\)

Estimated fault distance \(\left( {d_{efd} } \right)\)

Relative error \(\left( {\% \varepsilon } \right)\)

Estimated fault distance \(\left( {d_{efd} } \right)\)

Relative error \(\left( {\% \varepsilon } \right)\)

Estimated fault distance \(\left( {d_{efd} } \right)\)

Relative error \(\left( {\% \varepsilon } \right)\)