Fig. 12From: A new protection scheme for PV-wind based DC-ring microgrid by using modified multifractal detrended fluctuation analysisFaults detection using \(\frac{{d^{2} I_{3} }}{{dt^{2} }}\) under fault resistance variation a P-P fault, b P-P-G fault, c N-P-G fault, d series arc, e shunt arcBack to article page