Operating mode | Relay characteristics | Conventional DOCR operating time (s) using GA [20] | Dual DOCR operating time (s) using GA | Conventional DOCR operating time (s) using GWO | Dual DOCR operating time (s) using GWO | Reduction in total relay operating time using GA | Reduction in total relay operating time using GWO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grid-connected | NI | 7.2041 | 3.3877 | 7.2453 | 3.4045 | 52.97% | 53.01% |
 | VI | 2.4392 | 1.6825 | 2.5482 | 1.7402 | 31.02% | 31.70% |
 | EI | 1.6681 | 1.6124 | 1.7053 | 1.6139 | 3.39% | 5.35% |
 | Mixed | 1.6684 | 1.6065 | 1.6868 | 1.6103 | 3.71% | 4.53% |
Islanded | NI | 7.3148 | 3.9882 | 7.4868 | 3.9918 | 45.47% | 46.68% |
 | VI | 3.2457 | 1.7765 | 3.3625 | 1.7885 | 45.26% | 46.81% |
 | EI | 6.7142 | 1.6928 | 2.0911 | 1.7258 | 74.78% | 17.46 |
 | Mixed | 2.0670 | 1.6345 | 2.0888 | 1.6459 | 20.92% | 21.20% |