Hybrid intelligence approach for multi-load level reactive power planning using VAR compensator in power transmission network

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 8 Optimal performance for Indian 62-bus practical system of three different methods

Methods	LSA		PFA		MA
Methods	System real power loss (in p.u)	Minimum Operating cost (in $)	System real power loss (in p.u)	Minimum Operating cost (in $)	System real power loss (in p.u)	Minimum Operating cost (in $)
PSO	0.7240	3.80 × 10⁷	0.7271	3.826 × 10⁷	0.7286	3.83 × 10⁷
DE	0.7217	3.79 × 10⁷	0.7224	3.801 × 10⁷	0.7242	3.811 × 10⁷
CSA	0.7191	3.78 × 10⁷	0.7194	3.785 × 10⁷	0.7199	3.791 × 10⁷
PSODE	0.7181	3.779 × 10⁷	0.7184	3.78 × 10⁷	0.7197	3.787 × 10⁷
PSOCSA	0.7172	3.77 × 10⁷	0.7175	3.775 × 10⁷	0.7175	3.775 × 10⁷
DECSA	0.7057	3.7080 × 10⁷	0.7127	3.7479 × 10⁷	0.7144	3.749 × 10⁷