Hybrid intelligence approach for multi-load level reactive power planning using VAR compensator in power transmission network

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 13 Optimal performance for Indian 191-bus practical system of three different methods

Methods	LSA		PFA		MA
Methods	System real power loss (in p.u)	Minimum Operating cost (in $)	System real power loss (in p.u)	Minimum Operating cost (in $)	System real power loss (in p.u)	Minimum Operating cost (in $)
PSO	0.9048	4.759 × 10⁷	0.9051	4.760 × 10⁷	0.9054	4.762 × 10⁷
DE	0.9016	4.740 × 10⁷	0.9037	4.751 × 10⁷	0.9025	4.74 × 10⁷
CSA	0.9004	4.730 × 10⁷	0.9008	4.737 × 10⁷	0.9044	4.757 × 10⁷
PSODE	0.8971	4.719 × 10⁷	0.8972	×10⁷	0.8976	4.721 × 10⁷
PSOCSA	0.8954	4.710 × 10⁷	0.8967	4.717 × 10⁷	0.8970	4.718 × 10⁷
DECSA	0.8884	4.673 × 10⁷	0.8995	4.701 × 10⁷	08990	4.716 × 10⁷