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Table 6 The relationship between challenges and technological solutions to centralized technologies

From: A critical review of the integration of renewable energy sources with various technologies

 

Technologies of Flexibility

Technologies of Grid

  

Changes to large VRE-generators

New or modified conventional, large generators

Centralised stocking

Centralised response to demand

VRE predictive technology

Strengthening/expansion of the transmission grid

Systems transmission of HVDC

Power flow controller

Power reaction controller

Power providers inertia or short-circuit

Central monitoring & control of the feed-in

Limited VRE generator dispatch-ability

√

√

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Balance

Insufficient appropriateness of short-term generation

X

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Inadequate firmness of VRE engines

√

√

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Insufficient VRE generator forecast

√

√

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Insufficient adequacy for long term generation

√

√

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Rising excursions at local voltage

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Quality

Unreliable shutdown at blackout

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Stepping up harmonic distortions

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Increasing flicker

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Increasing interactions between controls

√

X

√

X

X

X

√

X

√

√

X

Stability

Diminishing reserves of frequency control

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

√

X

Insufficient synchronization of the voltage trip limits

√

X

√

X

X

√

X

X

X

√

X

Insufficient coordination of frequency travel limits

√

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

√

√

Decreasing the level of inertia

√

X

√

X

X

X

X

X

√

√

X

Diminishing short-circuit power

√

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Insufficient supply of reactive capacity

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

√

X

X

X

Greater transmission distances

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

√

X

√

Flow

Missing capacity on the transmission grid

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

√

Narrow limits of the trip voltage

X

X

X

X

√

√

X

X

X

X

√

VRE generation lacking visibility

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

VRE generation lacks controllability

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Increasing currents on short-circuits

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

√

Insufficient nature of the defines

X

X

X

X

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

Flow patterns from lower grid rates are highly erratic

√

X

X

X

X

 

X

X

X

X

X

Missing room on the distribution grid

X

X

√

√

 

√

√

√

X

X

X

Increasing excursions to the regional voltage

X

X

X

X

X

√

√

X

X

X

X