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Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 5 The relationship between challenges and technological solutions to distributed technology

From: A critical review of the integration of renewable energy sources with various technologies

 

Technologies of Flexibility

Technologies of Grid

 

Distributed response to demand

Conventional Generators Distributed

Storage of Distributed

Changes to distributed VRE generators

Filters in harmony

Limiter systems currently in use

State approximate distribution grid solutions

Solutions for Voltage management of distribution grids

Adapted protective equipment approaches

Strengthening/expansion of distribution grid

Limited VRE generator dispatch-ability

√

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Balance

Insufficient appropriateness of short-term generation

√

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Inadequate firmness of VRE engines

√

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Insufficient VRE generator forecast

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Insufficient adequacy for long term generation

X

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Rising excursions at the local voltage

X

X

X

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Quality

Unreliable shutdown at blackout

X

X

X

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Stepping up harmonic distortions

X

X

X

√

√

X

X

X

√

X

Increasing flicker

X

X

X

√

X

X

X

X

√

√

Increasing interactions between controls

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Stability

Diminishing reserves of frequency control

√

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Insufficient synchronization of the voltage trip limits

X

√

X

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Insufficient coordination of frequency travel limits

√

√

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Decreasing level of inertia

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Diminishing short-circuit power

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Insufficient supply of reactive capacity

X

√

X

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

Greater transmission distances

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Flow

Missing capacity on the transmission grid

X

√

√

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Narrow limits of the trip voltage

√

√

X

X

X

X

√

X

X

X

VRE generation lacking visibility

√

X

X

X

√

X

X

√

X

X

VRE generation lacks controllability

X

X

√

√

X

X

X

√

X

X

Increasing currents on short-circuits

√

X

X

X

√

√

X

X

√

X

Insufficient nature of the defines

X

X

X

X

X

√

X

√

√

X

Flow patterns from lower grid rates are highly erratic

√

√

√

√

√

X

X

√

X

X

Missing room on the distribution grid

√

√

√

√

√

X

√

X

X

X

Increasing excursions to the regional voltage

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

X

X

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