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Table 4 Performance comparison of controllers corresponding to a measurement noise variance of 0.01

From: Optimal load frequency control through combined state and control gain estimation for noisy measurements

Controller

Steady state error (p.u.)

Variance

Computational time (s)

Integral

−0.03

1.12 × 10− 6

3.31081

LQR

−2 × 10− 4

2.19 × 10− 8

14.0762

Proposed

−5 × 10− 3

1.57 × 10− 6

1.3579