Remote monitoring system for real time detection and classification of transmission line faults in a power grid using PMU measurements

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 2 FFT Frequency Coefficients under Various Operating conditions in IEEE-39 Bus System Calculated from PMU at Bus-1

Fault Location (Branch)	Fault Type	Fault Condition (FR, FIA)	σ	α	β	γ	δ	Γ_R, Γ_Y, Γ_B	ANN Classifier	ANFIS Classifier	SVM Classifier
3–18, 50 km from bus-3	AG	0 Ω, 0°	0.599	0.042	0.140	0.018	0.009	0.55, 1, 0.99	CA	AG	AG
4–15, 20 km from bus-4	BG	10 Ω, 45°	0.597	0.039	0.136	0.016	0.008	0.99, 0.76, 1	AB	BG	BG
22–23, 50 km from bus-22	CG	100 Ω, 120°	0.588	0.032	0.132	0.012	0.007	1, 0.99, 0.84	BC	CG	CG
9–8, 70 km from bus-9	AB	0 Ω, 0°	1.253	0.294	0.275	0.161	0.062	0.66, 0.67, 1	AB	AB	AB
4–5, 20 km from bus-4	BC	10 Ω, 45°	1.250	0.291	0.271	0.157	0.058	1, 0.74, 0.74	BC	BC	BC
19–33, 10 km from bus-19	CA	100 Ω, 120°	1.244	0.285	0.267	0.148	0.052	0.86, 1, 0.87	CA	CA	CA
2–3, 60 km from bus-2	ABG	0 Ω, 0°	1.385	0.270	0.230	0.132	0.047	0.59, 0.60, 1	AB	AG	ABG
17–27, 40 km from bus-17	BCG	10 Ω, 45°	1.382	0.266	0.227	0.129	0.046	1, 0.77, 0.77	BC	BG	BCG
23–24, 70 km from bus-23	CAG	100 Ω, 120°	1.378	0.260	0.220	0.121	0.038	0.87, 1, 0.87	AC	CG	CAG
2–30, 20 km from bus-2	ABC	0 Ω, 0°	1.498	0.219	0.055	0.027	0.019	1, 1, 1	ABC	ABC	ABC
5–6, 50 km from bus-5	ABC	10 Ω, 45°	1.495	0.215	0.054	0.025	0.018	1, 1, 1	ABC	ABC	ABC
21–22, 60 km from bus-21	ABC	100 Ω, 120°	1.489	0.210	0.051	0.021	0.016	1, 1, 1	ABC	ABC	ABC
No Fault			0.533	0	0	0	0	1, 1, 1	No Fault	No Fault	No Fault