PMU based adaptive zone settings of distance relays for protection of multi-terminal transmission lines

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 5 Performance of distance relay R_A without PAZSD methodology for different faults with FR = 1.7 Ω at different distances

Fault Condition	Impedance seen by the relay R_A	Performance of R_A without proposed methodology
Fault Condition	Impedance seen by the relay R_A	Zone of fault detection is?	Is detected zone correct? (Y/N)
LL Fault at 50 km	4.496 ∠ 47.98⁰	Zone 1	Y
LLG Fault at 50 km	3.895 ∠ 59.41⁰	Zone 1	Y
LG Fault at 150 km	14.445 ∠ 53.48⁰	Zone 1	Y
LL Fault at 150 km	11.114 ∠ 54.07⁰	Zone 1	Y
LL Fault at 250 km	32.092 ∠ 84.44⁰	Zone 2	N
LLG Fault at 250 km	32.444 ∠ 51.75⁰	Zone 2	N
LLG Fault at 300 km	53.717 ∠ 87.03⁰	No Zone is detected	N
LLL Fault at 300 km	50.457 ∠ 79.35⁰	No Zone is detected	N
LLG Fault at 350 km	81.044 ∠ 61.89⁰	No Zone is detected	N
LLL Fault at 350 km	76.823 ∠ 76.77⁰	No Zone is detected	N