Table 2 Simulation parameters of EVs

EV Aggregator number

1

EV charging station number

100

EVs number in each charging station

500

Plug-in time (h)

Time ~ N (9,0.1)

Plug-out time (h)

Time ~ N (16,0.1)

Initial SOC (pu)

SOC ~ N (0.4,0.05)

SOC∈ [0.2,0.8]

Expected SOC (pu)

SOC ~ N (0.7,0.01)

SOC∈ [0.4,0.9]

Battery capacity (kWh)

32

Maximum charging/discharging power (kW)

7

Maximum/minimum SOC (pu)

0.9/0.2