Table 3 Verification of Fault Analysis algorithm for ABG fault in WSCC Nine Bus System
From: Robust fault analysis in transmission lines using Synchrophasor measurements
Fault Detection, Bus identification and Faulted Line Identification | |||||||||||||||
Fault Created | V1− (kV) | Are all of (V1−, V2−, V3−, V4−, V5−, V6−,V7−,V8−,V9−) > 0 (or) IMax+ > τB? | I14− (kA) | I27− (kA) | I93− (kA) | I46− (kA) | I54− (kA) | I69− (kA) | I78− (kA) | I75− (kA) | I98− (kA) | IMax− = max (I14−, I27−, I93−, I46−, I54−, I69−, I78−, I75−, I98−) | IMax+ > τB (or) IMax− > τi (Y – Fault, N – Unbalanced Loading) | ||
ABG, Line 4–1, 80 km from Bus 1, FR = 1 Ω, FIA = 360 | 22.31 | Y | 5.64 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 5.64 | Y | ||
Fault Created | V1+ (kV) | V2+ (kV) | V3+ (kV) | V4+ (kV) | V5+ (kV) | V6+ (kV) | V7+ (kV) | V8+ (kV) | V9+ (kV) | Min V+ (kV) | Faulty Bus Detected | ||||
ABG, Line 4–1, 80 km from Bus 1, FR = 1 Ω, FIA = 360 | 291.87 | 316.90 | 318.15 | 163.29 | 192.40 | 195.11 | 229.52 | 228.04 | 236.45 | 163.29 | Bus 4 | ||||
Fault Created | θcp14 (rad) | θ cp27 (rad) | θ cp93 (rad) | θ cp46 (rad) | θcp54 (rad) | θ cp69 (rad) | θcp78 (rad) | θ cp75 (rad) | θ cp98 (rad) | Max θcp (rad) | Faulted Line Detected | ||||
ABG, Line 4–1, 80 km from Bus 1, FR = 1 Ω, FIA = 360 | 1.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.57 | Line 41 | ||||
Fault Classification | |||||||||||||||
Fault Created | αi0 (kA) | αi1 (kA) | αi2 (kA) | βi0 (rad) | βi1 (rad) | βi2 (rad) | γi21 (αi2/ αi1) | γi01 (αi0/ αi1) | δi21 (βi2- βi1) (deg) | Is γi01 ≈ 1? | Is γi21 ≈ 1? | Is 0 < γi01 < 1? | Fault type | Is δi21 ≈ 600? | Fault classified |
ABG, Line 4–1,80 km from Bus 1 | 1.80 | 7.15 | 5.64 | 0.71 | 1.59 | 2.59 | 0.78 | 0.25 | 56.14 | N | N | Y | LLG | Y | ABG |
Fault Location | |||||||||||||||
Fault Created | Va+ (kV) | Vb+ (kV) | Iab+ (kA) | Iba+ (kA) | Distance (km) | Error (%) | |||||||||
ABG, Line 4–1, 80 km from Bus 1 | 291.815–5.752i | 135.99–90.373i | 1.686–6.781i | 1.518 + 0.370i | 79.76 | −0.12 | |||||||||