Table 2 Verification of Fault Analysis algorithm for AB fault in Three-Bus System
From: Robust fault analysis in transmission lines using Synchrophasor measurements
Fault Detection | |||||||||||||||||||
Fault Created | V1− (kV) | V2− (kV) | V3− (kV) | Are all of (V1-, V2-, V3−) > 0 (or) IMax+ > τB (Y – Fault or Unbalance Loading N – No Fault) | I12− (kA) | I23− (kA) | I31− (kA) | IMax− = max (I12−, I23−, I31−) | IMax+ > τB (or) IMax− > τi (Y – Fault, N–Unbalanced Loading) | V1+ (kV) | V2+ (kV) | V3+ (kV) | Min V+ (kV) | Faulty Bus Detected | θcp12 (rad) | θ cp23 (rad) | θ cp31 (rad) | Max θcp (rad) | Faulted Line Detected |
AB, Line 2–3, 120 km from Bus 2, FR = 10 Ω, FIA = 1080 | 33.29 | 62.72 | 64.33 | Y | 0.07 | 3.79 | 0.08 | 3.79 | Y | 353.75 | 280.56 | 265.00 | 265.00 | Bus 3 | 0.00 | 3.35 | 0.07 | 3.35 | Line 23 |
Fault Classification | |||||||||||||||||||
Fault Created | αi0 (A) | αi1 (A) | αi2 (A) | βi0 (deg) | βi1 (deg) | βi2 (deg) | γi01 (αi0/αi1) | γi21 (αi2/αi1) | δi21 (βi2- βi1) (deg) | Is γi01 ≈ 1? | Is γi21 ≈ 1? | Fault type | Is δi01 ≈ 60? | Fault classified | |||||
AB, Line 2–3, 120 km from Bus 2, FR = 10 Ω, FIA = 1080 | 0.078 | 3424.536 | 3722.221 | 56.282 | 43.566 | 102.827 | 0.00 | 1.087 | 59.261 | N | Y | LL | Y | AB | |||||
Fault Location | |||||||||||||||||||
Fault Created | Va+ (kV) | Vb+ (kV) | Iab+ (A) | Iba+ (A) | Calculated distance (dcalculated) | Error (%) | |||||||||||||
AB, Line 2–3, 120 km from Bus 2, FR = 10 Ω, FIA = 1080 | 275.231–54.399i | 261.035–45.679i | 153.492–1585.769i | − 562.477 + 1803.866i | 120.961 | 0.48 | |||||||||||||