Table 1 Verification of Fault Analysis algorithm for BG fault in Three-Bus System
From: Robust fault analysis in transmission lines using Synchrophasor measurements
Fault Detection | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fault Created | V1− (kV) | V2− (kV) | V3− (kV) | IMax+ (kA) | Are all of (V1−, V2−, V3−) > 0? (or) IMax+ > τB (Y – Fault or Unbalance Loading N – No Fault) | I12− (kA) | I23− (kA) | I31− (kA) | IMax− = max (I12−, I23−, I31−) | IMax+ > τB (or) IMax− > τi (Y – Fault, N–Unbalanced Loading) | V1+ (kV) | V2+ (kV) | V3+ (kV) | Min V+ (kV) | Faulty Bus Detected | θcp12 (rad) | θ cp23 (rad) | θ cp31 (rad) | Max θcp (rad) | Faulted Line Detected |
BG, Line 2–3, 90 km from Bus 2, FR = 10 Ω, FIA = 720 | 11.58 | 56.13 | 54.31 | – | Y | 0.03 | 1.33 | 0.03 | 1.33 | Y | 375.63 | 371.25 | 370.06 | 370.06 | Bus 3 | 0.00 | 3.98 | 0.56 | 3.98 | Line 23 |
Fault Classification | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fault Created | αi0 (A) | αi1 (A) | αi2 (A) | βi0 (deg) | βi1 (deg) | βi2 (deg) | γi01 (αi0/αi1) | δi01 (βi0- βi1) (deg) | Is γi01 ≈ 1? | Fault type | Is δi01 ≈ −1200? | Fault classified | ||||||||
BG, Line 2–3, 90 km from Bus 2, FR = 10 Ω, FIA = 720 | 1200.593 | 1070.128 | 1178.631 | −69.259 | 61.735 | 174.085 | 1.121 | −130.994 | Y | LG | Y | BG | ||||||||
Fault Location | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fault Created | Va+ (kV) | Vb+ (kV) | Iab+ (A) | Iba+ (A) | Calculated distance (dcalculated) | Error (%) | ||||||||||||||
BG, Line 2–3, 90 km from Bus 2, FR = 10 Ω, FIA = 720 | 366.209–60.950i | 368.203–45.920i | 2.441–495.572i | −470.969 + 421.825i | 87.685 | −1.16 | ||||||||||||||