A fast time-frequency response based differential spectral energy protection of AC microgrids including fault location

Dharmapandit, O.; Patnaik, R. K.; Dash, P. K.

doi:10.1186/s41601-017-0062-0

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Table 8 Comparison for the estimated fault distance (km) and percentage error in fault location (%) for a single line to ground fault (a-g), with a fault resistance (R _f) = 10 Ω at different fault locations (2 km to 18 km i.e., FDR varied from 0.1 to 0.9 p.u., respectively), on the distribution line DL _AB in the micro grid operating under grid connected mode, subjected to various levels of DG penetrations

From: A fast time-frequency response based differential spectral energy protection of AC microgrids including fault location

l. No.	Fault Type	Fault Resistance(in Ω)	Fault Distance Ratio (0–1) [×100 in %]	Faulted Distribution Line	Total line Distance (in km)	Actual Fault Distance (km)	DG status	Conventional DFT Technique		Proposed TFR technique
l. No.	Fault Type	Fault Resistance(in Ω)	Fault Distance Ratio (0–1) [×100 in %]	Faulted Distribution Line	Total line Distance (in km)	Actual Fault Distance (km)	DG status	Estimate (km)	Percentage Error (in %)	Estimate (km)	Percentage Error (in %)
1	a-g	10	0.1	L_AB	20	2	DG 1 2 3 4 on	2.6584	3.2919	2.6063	3.0313
2			0.2	L_AB	20	4		4.9467	4.7335	4.8906	4.4529
3			0.3	L_AB	20	6		7.3169	6.5844	7.2603	6.3014
4			0.4	L_AB	20	8		9.8024	9.0119	9.7498	8.7491
5			0.5	L_AB	20	10		12.4584	12.2922	12.4164	12.0822
6			0.6	L_AB	20	12		15.3774	16.8869	15.3552	16.7761
7			0.7	L_AB	20	14		18.7261	23.6306	18.7162	23.5808
8			0.8	L_AB	20	16		22.7886	33.9430	22.7344	33.6720
9			0.9	L_AB	20	18		27.8364	49.1818	27.7534	48.7672
10			0.1	L_AB	20	2	DG 1 2 3 on DG 4 off	2.2228	1.1139	2.1697	0.8484
11			0.2	L_AB	20	4		4.3147	1.5736	4.2531	1.2655
12			0.3	L_AB	20	6		6.4357	2.1787	6.3664	1.8321
13			0.4	L_AB	20	8		8.5999	2.9993	8.5240	2.6198
14			0.5	L_AB	20	10		10.8311	4.1557	10.7506	3.7530
15			0.6	L_AB	20	12		13.1717	5.8587	13.0889	5.4445
16			0.7	L_AB	20	14		15.6986	8.4931	15.6156	8.0778
17			0.8	L_AB	20	16		18.5583	12.7917	18.4735	12.3675
18			0.9	L_AB	20	18		22.0391	20.1955	21.9325	19.6624
19			0.1	L_AB	20	2	DG 1 2 on DG 3 4 off	2.2391	1.1954	2.1821	0.9105
20			0.2	L_AB	20	4		4.3287	1.6434	4.2578	1.2891
21			0.3	L_AB	20	6		6.4452	2.2262	6.3608	1.8039
22			0.4	L_AB	20	8		8.5982	2.9912	8.4996	2.4982
23			0.5	L_AB	20	10		10.8020	4.0101	10.6882	3.4411
24			0.6	L_AB	20	12		13.0794	5.3970	12.9491	4.7454
25			0.7	L_AB	20	14		15.4663	7.3316	15.3185	6.5924
26			0.8	L_AB	20	16		18.0207	10.1035	17.8542	9.2712
27			0.9	L_AB	20	18		20.8351	14.1755	20.6508	13.2541
10			0.1	L_AB	20	2	DG 1 on DG 2 3 4 off	1.8329	0.8355	1.9015	0.4927
11			0.2	L_AB	20	4		3.7707	1.1467	3.8521	0.7395
12			0.3	L_AB	20	6		5.7063	1.4684	5.8006	0.9971
13			0.4	L_AB	20	8		7.6361	1.8194	7.7438	1.2809
14			0.5	L_AB	20	10		9.5573	2.2137	9.6798	1.6011
15			0.6	L_AB	20	12		11.4676	2.6620	11.6070	1.9652
16			0.7	L_AB	20	14		13.3650	3.1751	13.5239	2.3803
17			0.8	L_AB	20	16		15.2473	3.7635	15.4295	2.8525
18			0.9	L_AB	20	18		17.1122	4.4392	17.3225	3.3877
19			0.1	L_AB	20	2	DG 1 2 3 4 off	2.0501	0.2504	1.9889	0.0553
20			0.2	L_AB	20	4		4.0535	0.2677	3.9780	0.1099
21			0.3	L_AB	20	6		6.0576	0.2880	5.9673	0.1637
22			0.4	L_AB	20	8		8.0622	0.3110	7.9565	0.2174
23			0.5	L_AB	20	10		10.0674	0.3371	9.9460	0.2701
24			0.6	L_AB	20	12		12.0733	0.3664	11.9356	0.3219
25			0.7	L_AB	20	14		14.0798	0.3990	13.9256	0.3722
26			0.8	L_AB	20	16		16.0871	0.4356	15.9157	0.4214
27			0.9	L_AB	20	18		18.0953	0.4764	17.9063	0.4686

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