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Table 3 Effect of variation of penetration level of the DG’s on the magnitude of fault current (differential and average) at distribution Line DL AB for a single line to ground fault (a-g) fault on at fault distance ratio (FDR) = 0.4 and fault resistance (Rf) = 5 Ω, respectively, where the microgrid is operated in islanded mode

From: A fast time-frequency response based differential spectral energy protection of AC microgrids including fault location

DG Status

Phase

max (I Differential)

(in A)

max (I Average)

(in A)

Half cycle

Before Fault

Half cycle

After Fault

Half cycle

Before Fault

Half cycle

After Fault

All DGs ON

a

0.8399

716.5758

0.6071

126.0080

b

0.8400

0.8638

0.6071

126.0080

c

0.8401

1.2697

0.6072

126.0080

DG1 Off

a

0.7071

640.5418

70.2472

192.7522

b

0.7069

0.7275

70.2717

192.7522

c

0.7070

0.7314

70.2931

192.7522

DG1and

DG2 Off

a

0.4701

304.9124

46.2568

95.4453

b

0.4700

0.4823

46.2104

95.4453

c

0.4697

0.7155

46.2455

95.4453

DG1

DG2 and

DG3 Off

a

0.2332

121.2291

22.6096

39.5804

b

0.2333

0.2484

22.6212

39.5804

c

0.2333

0.3317

22.6264

39.5804

All DGs OFF

a

0.0002

0.1536

0.0094

0.0363

b

0.0002

0.0002

0.0094

0.0363

c

0.0002

0.0003

0.0094

0.0363