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Table 1 Effect of variation of penetration level of the DG’s on the magnitude of fault current (differential and average) at distribution Line DL AB for a single line to ground fault (a-g) fault on at fault distance ratio (FDR) = 0.4 and fault resistance (R f ) = 5 Ω, respectively, where the microgrid is operated in grid connected mode

From: A fast time-frequency response based differential spectral energy protection of AC microgrids including fault location

DG Status

Phase

max (I Differential)

(in A)

max (I Average)

(in A)

Half cycle

Before Fault

Half cycle

After Fault

Half cycle

Before Fault

Half cycle

After Fault

All DGs ON

a

0.7887

1243.2311

188.4456

193.2588

b

0.9299

0.9236

107.5869

193.2588

c

1.0485

1.2036

136.7399

193.2588

DG1 Off

a

0.8198

987.8662

166.0084

182.2979

b

0.7250

0.71503

126.1319

182.2979

c

0.6317

0.6326

254.0888

182.2979

DG1and

DG2 Off

a

0.7966

868.9202

235.6965

260.5674

b

0.7969

0.8156

235.3598

260.5674

c

0.7963

0.8083

235.4753

260.5674

DG1

DG2 and

DG3 Off

a

0.6339

676.7521

287.6676

318.0452

b

0.6340

0.6613

287.4720

318.0452

c

0.6343

0.6397

287.2737

318.0452

All DGs OFF

a

0.4761

541.5058

320.6080

350.0915

b

0.4764

0.4947

320.8868

350.0915

c

0.4761

0.4719

320.8431

350.0915