Fig. 5

aThe three phase spectral energy from TFR for differential (−--) and average (….) currents, for the islanded microgrid subjected to a single phase to ground fault (c-g) on distribution line DLAB (with FDR 0.2, and Rf = 0.5 Ω), where, responses are for distribution lines (a) DLAB, (b) DLAE, (c) DLBE, (d) DLBC and (e) DLCD, respectively. b The three phase spectral energy from TFR for differential (−--) and average (….) currents, for the islanded microgrid subjected to a double phase to ground fault (bc-g) on distribution line DLBC (with FDR 0.6, and Rf = 5 Ω), where, responses are for distribution lines (a) DLAB, (b) DLAE, (c) DLBE, (d) DLBC and (e) DLCD, respectively. c The three phase spectral energy from TFR for differential (−--) and average (….) currents, for the islanded microgrid subjected to a triple phase to ground fault (abc-g) on distribution line DLAE (with FDR 0.8, and Rf = 20 Ω), where, responses are for distribution lines (a) DLAB, (b) DLAE, (c) DLBE, (d) DLBC and (e) DLCD, respectively