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Fig. 4 | Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Fig. 4

From: A fast time-frequency response based differential spectral energy protection of AC microgrids including fault location

Fig. 4

a The three phase spectral energy from TFR for differential (−--) and average (….) currents, for the grid connected microgrid subjected to a single phase to ground fault (a-g) on distribution line DLBC (with FDR 0.3, and Rf = 0.1 Ω), where, responses are for distribution lines (a) DLAB, (b) DLAE, (c) DLBE, (d) DLBC and (e) DLCD, respectively. b The three phase spectral energy from TFR for differential (−--) and average (….) currents, for the grid connected microgrid subjected to a double phase to ground fault (ab-g) on distribution line DLCD (with FDR 0.5, and Rf = 1 Ω), where, responses are for distribution lines (a) DLAB, (b) DLAE, (c) DLBE, (d) DLBC and (e) DLCD, respectively. c The three phase spectral energy from TFR for differential (−--) and average (….) currents, for the grid connected microgrid subjected to a triple phase to ground fault (abc-g) on distribution line DLBE (with FDR 0.7, and Rf = 10 Ω), where, responses are for distribution lines (a) DLAB, (b) DLAE, (c) DLBE, (d) DLBC and (e) DLCD, respectively

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