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Fig. 3 | Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

Fig. 3

From: A fast time-frequency response based differential spectral energy protection of AC microgrids including fault location

Fig. 3

a The response of the proposed TFR technique for a single line to ground fault (a-g) on the distribution line DLAB with a fault distance ratio (FDR) = 0.5, and fault resistance (Rf) = 1Ω, with the microgrid operating in islanded mode, where, (a) The three phase differential currents, (b) The three phase average currents, (c) The three phase spectral energy deduced from the proposed TFR technique, (d) The CDFT over the a-phase differential and average current components, respectively, (e) The CDFT over the b-phase differential and average current components, respectively, and (f) The CDFT over the c-phase differential and average current components, respectively. b The response of the proposed TFR technique for a double line to ground fault (ab-g) on the distribution line DLAB with a fault distance ratio (FDR) = 0.5, and fault resistance (Rf) = 1Ω, with the microgrid operating in islanded mode, where, (a) The three phase differential currents, (b) The three phase average currents, (c) The three phase spectral energy deduced from the proposed TFR technique, (d) The CDFT over the a-phase differential and average current components, respectively, (e) The CDFT over the b-phase differential and average current components, respectively, and (f) The CDFT over the c-phase differential and average current components, respectively. c The response of the proposed TFR technique for a triple line to ground fault (abc-g) on the distribution line DLAB with a fault distance ratio (FDR) = 0.5, and fault resistance (Rf) = 1Ω, with the microgrid operating in islanded mode, where, (a) The three phase differential currents, (b) The three phase average currents, (c) The three phase spectral energy deduced from the proposed TFR technique, (d) The CDFT over the a-phase differential and average current components, respectively, (e) The CDFT over the b-phase differential and average current components, respectively, and (f) The CDFT over the c-phase differential and average current components, respectively

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