Table 1 Results of case studies, various faults with different fault conditions, conducted on WSCC-9 bus system
From: An adaptive supervised wide-area backup protection scheme for transmission lines protection
Fault condition | Bus number where MPMU is installed | Connected branches with MPMU installed bus | Measurements of phasor currents from MPMU connected branch | Is fault detected ? ((|IR2|& |IR3|) or (|IY2|& |IY3|) or (|IB2|& |IB3|)) > 0 (Y/N) | |IEHC| | Parent bus, Faulty branch between two buses | Relays to be supervised | Fault type classified | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|IR1|, |IR2|, |IR3| | |IY1|, |IY2|, |IY3| | |IB1|, |IB2|, |IB3| | ||||||||
L-G fault in branch 4–5 with FR = 100Ω, and FIA = 720 at 80 km from BUS-4 | 4 | 4-5 | 3.23, 0.89, 0.41 | 1.23, 0, 0 | 1.26, 0, 0 | Y | 0.993 | BUS-4, Branch 4-5 | R45 & R54 | RG |
4-6 | 3.56, 0.09, 0.063 | 3.98, 0, 0 | 4.03, 0, 0 | 0.108 | ||||||
7 | 7-5 | 4.09, 0.423, 0.34 | 2.64, 0, 0 | 2.68, 0, 0 | 0.54 | |||||
7-8 | 1.71, 0.114, 0.09 | 2.15, 0, 0 | 2.18, 0, 0 | 0.145 | ||||||
9 | 9-8 | 0.26, 0.05, 0.04 | 0.24, 0, 0 | 0.19, 0, 0 | 0.064 | |||||
9-6 | 1.99, 0.216, 0.19 | 1.72, 0, 0 | 1.74, 0, 0 | 0.285 | ||||||
L-L fault in branch 9–8 with FR = 0Ω and FIA = 00 at 50 km from BUS-9 | 4 | 4-5 | 0.73, 0.093, 0.07 | 1.79, 0.09, 0.07 | 1.22, 0, 0 | Y | 0.161 | BUS-9, Branch 9-8 | R98 & R89 | RY |
4-6 | 2.97, 0.096, 0.08 | 2.07, 0.1, 0.08 | 2.55, 0, 0 | 0.178 | ||||||
7 | 7-5 | 5.0, 0.289, 0.217 | 3.27, 0.29, 0.22 | 2.172, 0, 0 | 0.511 | |||||
7-8 | 10.77, 0.77, 0.19 | 12.2, 0.87, 0.29 | 3.96, 0, 0 | 1.209 | ||||||
9 | 9-8 | 13.8, 1.081, 0.77 | 13.9, 1.08, 0.78 | 0.244, 0, 0 | 1.88 | |||||
9-6 | 2.41, 0.266, 0.18 | 3.89, 0.27, 0.18 | 1.67, 0, 0 | 0.455 | ||||||
L-L-G fault in branch 4–6 with FR = 45Ω and FIA = 1620 at 50 km from BUS-4 | 4 | 4-5 | 1.73, 0.276, 0.1 | 1.61, 0.24, 0.05 | 1.28, 0, 0 | Y | 0.382 | BUS-4, Branch 4-6 | R46 & R64 | RYG |
4-6 | 4.57, 1.399, 0.39 | 4.4, 1.074, 0.18 | 1.281, 0, 0 | 1.845 | ||||||
7 | 7-5 | 1.01, 0.36, 0.024 | 1.86, 0.32, 0.01 | 2.55, 0, 0 | 0.484 | |||||
7-8 | 0.87, 0.345, 0.12 | 0.78, 0.3, 0.08 | 0.278, 0, 0 | 0.479 | ||||||
9 | 9-8 | 4.24, 0.36, 0.101 | 4.34, 0.29, 0.02 | 1.891, 0, 0 | 0.476 | |||||
9-6 | 4.12, 1.044, 0.34 | 4.3, 0.99, 0.12 | 2.349, 0, 0 | 1.489 | ||||||
L-L-L fault in branch 7–8 with FR = 60Ω and FIA = 540 at BUS-8 | 4 | 4-5 | 2.06, 0.49, 0.08 | 2.09, 0.28, 0.02 | 2.01, 0.55, 0.06 | Y | 0.789 | BUS-7, Branch 7-8 | R78 & R87 | RYB |
4-6 | 3.94, 0.198, 0.05 | 3.95, 0.11, 0.02 | 3.91, 0.19, 0.03 | 0.304 | ||||||
7 | 7-5 | 1.34, 0.55, 0.167 | 1.46, 0.4, 0.05 | 1.26, 0.67, 0.22 | 0.994 | |||||
7-8 | 5.84, 1.89, 0.361 | 5.77, 1.18, 0.17 | 1.26, 2.19, 0.37 | 3.176 | ||||||
9 | 9-8 | 2.39, 0.938, 0.16 | 2.45, 0.58, 0.03 | 2.34, 1.09, 0.14 | 1.571 | |||||
9-6 | 0.26, 0.18, 0.052 | 0.25, 0.15, 0.01 | 0.25, 0.24, 0.06 | 0.344 | ||||||
No Fault Condition | 4 | 4-5 | 1.091, 0, 0 | 1.091, 0, 0 | 1.091, 0, 0 | N | --- | --- | --- | --- |
4-6 | 2.129, 0, 0 | 2.129, 0, 0 | 2.129, 0, 0 | |||||||
7 | 7-5 | 2.719, 0, 0 | 2.719, 0, 0 | 2.719, 0, 0 | ||||||
7-8 | 1.722, 0, 0 | 1.722, 0, 0 | 1.722, 0, 0 | |||||||
9 | 9-8 | 2.226, 0, 0 | 2.226, 0, 0 | 2.226, 0, 0 | ||||||
9-6 | 0.264, 0, 0 | 0.203, 0, 0 | 0.251, 0, 0 | |||||||